The Structure of RNA RiboNucleic Acid

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The Structure of RNARiboNucleic Acid

• RNA is a polymer composed of RNA Nucleotides.

Covalent Bonds

• Each Nucleotide is made up of 3 components
• A phosphate group
• A sugar the sugar in RNA is Ribose.
• A Nitrogenous Base
• Held Together by
• Covalent Bonds. These bonds are strong. You
  wouldnt want your DNA falling apart

This is how I draw a Nucleotide
P S B
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The Location of RNA

• RNA can be found in the Nucleus and the
  Cytoplasm.
• RNA is made in the Nucleolus.

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Comparing RNA and DNA

• DNA
• Double Helix
• Found only in the Nucleus
• DNA Nucleotides have Deoxyribose as the sugar
• Adenine bonds to Thymine
• RNA
• Single Helix
• Found in the Nucleus and the Cytoplasm
• RNA Nucleotides have Ribose as the sugar
• Replaces Thymine with Uracil (theres no Thymine
  in RNA)

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Theres 3 types of RNA?

• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) used to make the
  ribosomes.
• Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the DNA
  instructions from the Nucleus to the Ribosomes.
• Transfer RNA (tRNA) picks up amino acids in the
  cytosol and carries them to the Ribosomes to be
  assembled into Proteins.

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Transcription(The Process by which a Template of
DNA is used to make mRNA)
Transcription takes place in the 3 to 5
direction Transcription takes place in the
Nucleus Step 1. DNA Unzips Step 2. RNA
Polymerase attaches RNA nucleotides to the single
DNA strand. Step 3. The newly formed mRNA
molecule breaks away from the DNA and leaves the
nucleus.
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Translation

• Once the DNA code has been Transcribed onto a
  mRNA molecule, mRNA leaves the nucleus and moves
  into the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm the mRNA
  combines with the Ribosomes to make
  Enzymes/Proteins. The Process of reading the mRNA
  code and building a(n) Enzyme/Protein is called
  Translation, or Protein Synthesis.

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In order for Translation/Protein Synthesis to
occur a cell needs

• 1. mRNA (carrying the DNA code)
• 2. Ribosomes
• 3. Amino Acids
• 4. tRNA (picks up amino acids in the cytosol and
  carries them to the ribosomes where they will be
  joined together to form a Protein)

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The mRNA is made in the Nucleus through the
process of Transcription. mRNA is made up of RNA
nucleotides. Each group of 3 nucleotides is
called a Codon and codes for one amino acid of
the newly forming Protein.
This Segment of a mRNA molecule is 7 codons long,
21 nucleotides, and will code for 7 amino acids
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Ribosomes(the ribosomes are the actual site of
Translation /protein synthesis)
Made in the Nucleolus, made up of Ribosomal RNA,
rRNA
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Transfer RNA (tRNA)

• tRNA is a small, folded RNA chain (74-93
  nucleotides) that picks up and transfers specific
  amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain at the
  ribosomal site of protein synthesis during
  translation.
• It has sites for Amino Acid attachment and an
  Anticodon.
• The Anticodon is composed of
• complementary bases.
• Each tRNA molecule binds to only one type of
  amino acid.
• More than one tRNA exists for each amino acid.

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Animals and Plants get their amino acids the same
way they get their Nucleotides.