Chapter 18 Human Growth and Development

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Chapter 18Human Growth and Development

• Developed by
• Claudette Doyne, MSN, RN
• Reviewed by
• Marcia A. Miller Cutler, Ed.Dc, MSN, RN

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Scientific Knowledge Base

• Growth increase in physical dimensions
• Development behavioral adaptation to
  environment
• Maturation biological plan for growth and
  development
• Critical period of development

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Theories of Human Development

• Maslow hierarchy of needs
• Freud psychosexual development
• Erikson psychosocial development
• Piaget logical and cognitive development
• Kohlberg moral reasoning
• Gilligan attachment/ female development
  
• See page 437-438, table

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Nursing Knowledge Base

• Conception and fetal development
• First trimester first 3 months
• Essential organ systems development
• Second trimester 3 to 6 months
• Organ systems complete
• Third trimester 6 to 9 months
• CNS development
• Health promotion teratogens

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Neonate

• First 28 days of life
• Cognitive development
• Innate behaviors, reflexes, sensory functions
• Health promotion
• Sleeping on back or sides
• Immature immune system

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Infant

• First 12 months of life
• Triple birth weight by 12 mos.
• Fine motor development
• Health Promotion
• Immunization
• Teeth eruption
• Nutrition
• Safety leading cause of death, accidents

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Toddler

• Age 12 to 36 months
• Rapid development of motor skills
• Walking, feeding, dressing, toileting
• Learn to talk
• Egocentric
• Parallel play
• Associative play

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Toddler continued

• Health Promotion
• Nutrition less growth, less appetite
• Toilet training
• Ability to control anal and urethral sphincters
• Recognize urge
• Letting go and holding on at appropriate times to
  please parent
• Safety leading cause of death, accidents

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Preschool Child

• Ages 3 to 6 years
• Physical development slows
• Cognitive and psychosocial development
  accelerates
• Solve problems intuitively
• Great imagination
• Reason from general to particular

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Health Promotion/Preschool

• Role modeling for good eating habits, hygiene
• Accidents major cause of death- MVA
• Safety teaching
• Fire
• Car
• Bikes, helmets

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School-Age Child

• Foundation for adult roles
• Physical, cognitive, psychosocial development
• Fine motor skills
• age of loose tooth secondary teeth come in
• Peer influence increases

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Health Promotion

• Accidents and injuries major cause of death
• Blood pressure elevation predictor of adult
  hypertension
• Exercise and maintaining weight key to preventing
  illness later in life

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Preadolescent

• Transitional period childhood to adolescence
• Age 10 to 12 years
• Physically second skeletal growth spurt
• Behavior less predictable

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Adolescent

• Age 13 to 18 years (hopefully!!)
• Adolescence psychological maturation
• Puberty reproduction possible
• Girls reach 90 of adult height by menarche
• Boys growth spurt 10 and 16 years continue to
  grow taller until 18 to 20 yrs.

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Puberty

• Achieve sexual identity
• Physical changes of puberty
• Develop moral judgment
• Search for personal identity major task
• Language development complete

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Health Promotion

• Major cause of death injuries, homicide, suicide
  
• MVAs, pregnancy, STDs, substance abuse major
  cause of morbidity
• Females eating disorders, emotional distress
• School-based health services should be readily
  available

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Health Promotion cont.

• Substance abuse assessments by nurse
• Suicide teach warning signs to parents,
  teachers, teens page-446
• Prevention of STDs and pregnancy
• s/s of both
• Acute Care dependency, privacy, control, pain

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Young Adult

• Age 18 to 40 years old
• Physical growth complete
• Life experiences influence ability to learn,
  problem solve
• Choose lifes work and mate during this time

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Health Promotion

• Routine health screenings
• Major cause of death violence-MVA, homicide,
  suicide
• Occupational risk factors
• Injuries
• Illnesses later in life
• STRESS !!!!

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Middle-age Adult

• Ages 40 to 65 years
• Physiological changes/ table p449
• Climacteric
• Menopause -12 months without flow
• Developmental task generativity
• Career and family changes

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Health Promotion

• Stress-related illnesses
• Heart attacks, hypertension, cancer
• Leading causes of death heart disease,
  cancer,stroke,COPD, accidental injuries
• Health screenings/ page 450

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Older adult

• Age- above 65 years
• Geriatrics physiology and psychology of aging
• Gerontology study of the aging process and its
  consequences
• Normal physical changes/ page 451
• Dementia
• Alzheimers disease

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Older adult cont.

• Psychosocial development
• Death
• reminiscence
• Aloneness and loneliness
• Housing and environment
• Social role changes

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Health Promotion

• Continue regular check-ups
• Life style modification due to disease process
• Hypertension, CAD( leading cause of death)
• Low salt, low fat diet
• Diabetes
• Stop smoking
• Dental problems
• Polypharmacy
• Reality orientation

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Questions