Tools

1
Tools Techniques
2
Anatomy

• The build of the human body
• Subassemblies of interest in ergonomics
• spine
• structure figures 4.1-4.5
• potential injuries figures 4.6-4.7
• upper extremities
• figures 4.8-4.15
• lower extremities
• figure 4.17
• joints, cartilage ligaments, and tendons
• figures 4.18-4.19
• http//training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/ana
  tomy_physiology_home.html

3
Reference planes directions

• Planes
• Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane)
• Sagittal Plane (Lateral Plane)
• Median plane
• Axial Plane (Transverse Plane)
• Directions
• Proximal
• Distal
• Anterior or ventral
• Posterior or dorsal
• Medial
• Lateral
• Superior or cranial
• Inferior or caudal

4
Musculoskeletal System

• Skeleton
• Provides framework for the body
• Protects the soft body parts
• With muscles, work as simple mechanical lever
  systems to produce body movement
• Muscles
• Provide motion, balance, stability
• Also responsible for heat production

5
The Spine

• Complex structure
• structure figures 4.1-4.5
• potential injuries figures 4.6-4.7
• a variety of models, including 3-D models are
  used to predict potential sources of injury

6
Upper Extremity

• Divided into shoulder, arm, and hand
• figures 4.8-4.15

7
Lower extremity

• Source of few occupational injuries
• Foot and ankle, figure 4.17
• Importance is balance and support for the spine

8
Joints Tendons

• Joints (articulations)
• three types of joints immovable, slightly
  movable and freely movable.
• figure 4.18, pg 41
• Tendons
• transmit force from muscle to bone
• figure 4.19, pg. 41

9
In-Class Exercise 1

• Complete the following table

Subassembly potential cause(s) of injury
spine
upper extremities
lower extremities
joints, cartilage ligaments, and tendons
10
Biomechanics

• Lever systems
• 1st class levers
• 3rd class levers

• 2nd class levers

11
Biomechanical Models

• 2-D 3-D models have been developed
• Simple statics dynamics can be used to estimate
  the effect of tool and equipment design on forces
  exerted on the joints and skeletal system

12
Your turn

• Hold your textbook straight out in front of you.
  On a scale of 1 10, where 1 is barely
  noticeable and 10 is too much to hold, rate the
  level of effort required.
• Draw the free body diagram of this exercise.
• Now bend your elbow so that you are holding your
  textbook up at a 90 angle to your upper arm.
  Rate the level of effort required for this.
• Draw the free body diagram of this exercise.
• Now hold out your note packet straight out and at
  a 90 angle. Rate the level of effort required
  for each of these.
• Use the free body diagrams to explain the
  differences among your ratings.

13
Biomechanics Exercise
Situation Level of Effort Free Body Diagram
Textbook held straight out
Textbook held at 90 angle
Notes held straight out
Notes held at 90 angle
14
Factors affecting force capabilities

• Posture
• Individual differences
• Gender
• Age
• Training