The Lymphatic System

1
The Lymphatic System

• Chapter 14

2
The Lymphatic System

• Lymph A clear, watery substance that surrounds
  the cells in your body.
• Transportation system is composed of lymph
  vessels that are all over your body.
• Lymph Latin Spring Water
• Lymph is different from blood in a variety of
  ways.

3
Differences

• Does not contain erythrocytes
• Does not contain platelets

4
Similarities

• Does contain leukocytes
• Does contain lymphocytes and monocytes
• Does contain water, salt, sugar and waste
  products of metabolism.

5
Origins

• Lymph originates in the blood.
• It is actually the fluid that filters out of your
  blood vessels and ends up flowing around the
  spaces between your cells.
• Once it leaves the blood vessels and surrounds
  your cells it is called Interstitial fluid.
• Pay attentionname changes as it moves through
  the system.

6
Interstitial Fluid

• Continuously passes through lymph capillaries
  (somewhat different from regular capillaries).
• Once in the capillaries, no longer called
  interstitial fluid (because it is no longer
  around the cells)it is called lymph.

7
Lymph

• Lymph travels through larger lymph vessels and
  finally ends up in lymph nodes
• http//www.cs.stedwards.edu/kswank/LymphSyst.html
  

8
Lymph Nodes

• The nodes finally empty into large lymph vessels
  located in the upper chest.
• From here, it is re-deposited into the blood
  stream.

9
Functions

• Drainage system to transport stuff (water,
  proteins) back to the bloodstream where it is
  needed.
• Absorption of fats from the small intestines back
  to the bloodstream.
• Immunity

10
Immunity

• Lymphocytes
• Monocytes
• Produce antibodies to antigens and attack by use
  of chemicals or phagocytosis

11
The Lymphatic System

• Capillariesthin walled tubes
• Carry lymph from tissue to lymph vessels
• Lymph vesselsthicker. Contains valves that allow
  one-way flow
• Along the path of the lymph vessels are the lymph
  nodes.

12
Lymph Nodes

• Produce lymphocytes
• Filter lymph
• Trap substances from inflammatory process or
  cancer
• Macrophages phagocytose foreign bodies

13
Pain

• When bacteria is filtered by the lymph nodes,
  they can become enlarged and painful.
• lymphadenopathy

14
B-cells and T-cells

• Specialized lymphocytes
• B-cells found in nodes. Produce antibodies
• T-cells attack foreign cells. Recognize the
  protein coating.

15
Major sites

• Cervical
• Axillary
• Mediastinal
• Inguinal
• Also Tonsils and adenoids

16
Drainage

• Thoracic duct Drains interstitial fluid from the
  lower body and left side of the head.
• Right lymphatic duct Drains the right side of
  head and chest. Figure 14-3
• Both ducts empty into large veins (subclavian) to
  take the lymph back to the bloodstream.

17
Spleen and Thymus Glands

• Organs made of lymph tissue
• Spleenleft upper quadrant of the abdomen
• Thymusmediastinum

18
Spleen

• Destroys old RBCs
• Filters microorganisms out of the blood.
• Activates lymphocytes
• Stores blood
• Removalsplenectomy (note spelling).

19
Thymus

• Produces T-cells
• Very important in infancy while immune system has
  not yet matured
• Seems to dissolve the older you get. Would not
  be easily visualized in an adult.
• Removal Thymectomy

20
The Immune System

• Lymphoid organs
• Lymphocytes and antibodies
• Macrophages

21
Immunity

• The bodys ability to resist foreign organisms
  and toxins.

22
Different Types of Immunity

• Natural
• Acquired

23
Natural

• Born with it.
• Does not depend on vaccine, previous exposure.
• Bacteriaphagocytesingestion
• Release proteins that attract other immune cells
  and cause local inflammation.
• Macrophages come in and clean up dead cells and
  debris.

24
Localized Infection

• Carbuncle or boil as an example of a localized
  infection.
• Redness, warmth, pain, swelling.

25
Acquired Immunity

• Having a disease
• Vaccination
• Transfer of immune cells from host to donor (bone
  marrow transplant)

26
Immediate Protection

• Acquired Passive Immunity (passiveyou did not
  work for it).
• Antiserumantitoxinsgamma globulins.

27
Passive Acquired Immunity

• Mother to infant

28
Warriors of the Immune System

• B-cell lymphocytes
• T-cell lymphocytes

29
B-Cells

• Humoral Immunity
• They produce antibodies in response to a specific
  antigen.
• B-cells originate in the bone marrow
• If a B-cell encounters an antigen, in changes
  into a plasma cell capable of producing
  antibodies to the antigen.

30
Plasma Cells

• These plasma cells produce the immunoglobulins--
  MADGE.
• They travel to the site of invasion and
  neutralize the antigen.

31
T-Cells

• Involved in cell-mediated immunity.
• They also come from the bone marrow as well as
  the thymus.
• When the T cells encounters an antigen, it
  doesnt have to change to fight.
• It rapidly multiplies to destroy bacteria,
  viruses, cancer cells.

32
The various Faces of the T-cell

• Cytotoxic cells (T-8)
• Cytokines
• Helper cells (T-4)
• Suppressor cells