Carg

1
French atomic energy commission
The atom, from research to industry
Defence Security
Energy
Technologies for information and health
2
The energy mix in France
2005 Nuclear 78 of total energy production
Thermal 12 Hydraulic, wind and
photovoltaic 10
3
The current nuclear power fleet in France
GRAVELINES
34 900 MWe units 20 1300 MWe units
4 1500 MWe units
????? ?????
EPR
???
PALUEL
PENLY
???????
?
?
???
CHOOZ
???????
FLAMANVILLE
CATTENOM
NOGENT / SEINE
???
???
FESSENHEIM
???????
ST-LAURENT
???
???
DAMPIERRE
58 PWR units 63184 MWe installed
???
???????
BELLEVILLE
CHINON
CIVAUX
BUGEY
? ?
???????
451.5 TWh produced in 2005
ST-ALBAN
???????
???
CRUAS
LE BLAYAIS
???????
TRICASTIN
???????
???
GOLFECH
Connection to the grid Unit 1 (Fessenheim 1)
April 1977 Unit 58 (Civaux 2) December 1999
april 2007 issue of the decree on the
construction of a EPR in France (Flamanville)
4
French energy policy and nuclear power

• Energy bill 38.3 billion in 2005, or 2.26 of
  GDP (5  in 1981)
• Rate of energy independance 49,8 in 2005 (26
  in 1973)

• 4th biggest energy consumer in the OECD (276.5
  MTOE in 2005), France is only in the 27th place
  for CO2 emissions in relation to the GDP (2003,
  IEA)
• Competitive electricity for industry and for
  domestic consumers, characterised by stable prices

• Electricity production covering all national
  requirements and enabling France to be the
  leading electricity exporter in the world
• A network of nuclear power stations that makes
  France the second producer of nuclear-generated
  electricity in the OECD after the United States

5
CO2 emissions in 2003 per inhabitant and in
relation to the GDP
tC/inhab.
France 24ème/30
GDP tC/1 000 US (2000)
France 27ème/30
6
Actors involved in the nuclear program in France

• Definition of the French energy policy Prime
  Minister,
• Ministry in charge of Industry, DGEMP
• Independent Safety Authority ASN
• Research and development CEA
• Companies AREVA (Framatome-ANP, COGEMA),
  Alstom, but also SME,
• Utilities EDF
• Waste management ANDRA
• Expertise and RD for safety IRSN
• Public opinion

7
French atomic energy commission
1945 CEA foundation
Atom and its applications for France defence,
energy, research, industry
Today from research to industry
Reference institution at worldwide level for
nuclear energy Based on its nuclear activity,
developments inducing new activities and
employments Guarantee a perennial nuclear
deterrence without nuclear tests
Tomorrow
Reference institution at worldwide level for
nuclear energy Leading European body for
technological research
8
CEA main figures (year 2006)
Civil Defence Total
Staff 10,844 4,487 15,331
Financing (G) 2.0 1.3 3.3
Subsidies 43 93 63
Third party receipts Dedicated decommissioning/ remediation fund 36 20 3 4 22 14

9
CEA Organization
High Commissioner for Atomic Energy Bernard Bigot

General Management
Alain Bugat Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Jean-Pierre Le Roux Deputy CEO
National Institute for Nuclear Sciences and
Techniques
4 Functional Divisions
4 Operational Divisions





Fundamental Research
Nuclear
Defence
Risk Control
Technological Research
Information and systems management
Strategy and External Relations
Human Resources and Training
Physical Sciences
Life Sciences
10
CEA local actor with the French Regions
Nuclear sciences, software technologies, high
performance computing, biomedicine
Fontenay aux Roses
Saclay
Bruyères le Châtel
Le-Ripault
Valduc
Micro/Nanotechnology Nanobiotechnology
Grenoble
Cesta
Lasers and plasmas
Valrho
Nuclear Nuclear fuel cycle, waste
management Valrho Fusion, fission
Cadarache
Cadarache
11
CEA main figures Civil Activity
10,844 employees
Budget 2 G, including governmental funding
0.86 G
1041 ongoing PhD thesis
297 post-doctoral researchers
973 invited researchers (stay gt 3 months)
2097 priority patents
1250 priority patents issued
317 new priority patents in 2006
351 active licensing agreements
97 high-tech spin-offs from CEA since 1984
CEA is main Shareholder of AREVA group ( 80 )
? 59,000 employees and 10 G
sales
12
The Medium-Long-term Plan (2003 - 2012)
Fundamental research sustained effort for the
duration of the plan
Research on nuclear waste Optimization of
industrial nuclear use Future nuclear
systems New Technologies for Energy Micro
nanotechnologies Software technologies

Fundamental research for energy Radiobiology
nuclear toxicology Fundamental research for
industrial innovation Nuclear technologies for
health and biotechnologies Large Scale Facilities
2003 - 2012
13
Signs of a relaunch of nuclear power throughout
the world
Ambitious programmes in Asia, the USA, in Russia,
India and several countries looking to start up
civil nuclear programmes
RUSSIA nuclear capacity increase 20 GWe by
2020
CHINA nuclear capacity increase gt 40 GWe by 2020
EUROPE
FINLAND 5th reactor
KOREA nuclear capacity increase 9 GWe by 2015
FRANCE new EPR
USA 1500 Power Plants by 2020 including
nuclear (gt 50 GWe)
JAPAN nuclear capacity increase 21 GWe by 2012
INDIA nuclear capacity increase from 2.5 to 20
GWe by 2020
R en
Projects in Vietnam, Turkey, Morocco, Indonesia,
etc Under consideration in Australia, Thaïland,
Malaysia, etc
14
Signs of a revival for nuclear investments in
Europe
Finland  - EPR - Nationwide debate on energy
under way

• United Kingdom 
• Energy Review
• Statement by Tony Blair in favour of nuclear
  power on 16 May 2006.

Baltic states  Joint decision by the three Prime
ministers new unit for Ignalina site.

• France 
• EPR
• Reorganisation of legal framework
• - 4th generation prototype (2020)

Holland  - Lifetime of the only power station
extended until 2033
Poland  First unit to be built in 2020 ?
Bulgaria  Launch of a new call to tender on 1st
February 2006 for a new unit at Belene.
Rumania  New unit at Cernavoda scheduled for
2007.
15
FINAL WASTE RADIOTOXICITY
SPENT FUEL
Relative radiotoxicity
GLASSES After reprocessing)
GLASSES without MAs
Time (years)
16
LONG TERM BEHAVIOR OF NUCLEAR GLASSES
Estimated removed amount
100
10
10 millions years
1 million years
10 000 years
17
FUEL CYCLE OPTIONS A PROGRESSIVE APPROACH

• SEVERAL DIFFERENT OPTIONS,
• WHICH COULD BE SUCCESSIVELY DEPLOYED

MAs Heterogeneous recycle
All-actinide homogeneous recycle
U Pu recycle
18
RESISTANCE VS. PROLIFERATION
Pu isotopic composition
0.6
0.5
Pu239
MOX
0.4
0.3
Pu240
0.2
Pu241
0.1
Pu242
Pu238

• Recycling (and burning) plutonium
• - decreases its strategic value
• decreases its accessibility (especially if
  MAs are present)

0
30
45
60
75
90
Burn-up (GWd/t)
An neutron emission rate
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
30
45
60
75
Burn-up (GWd/t)
19
LA HAGUE RELEASE CONTRIBUTION TO PUBLIC
EXPOSURE

• Population people up to 24 years old ,living in
   canton de La Hague , 1996

• Source Travaux du Groupe Radioécologie
  Nord-Cotentin (1999)