Pharmacology

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Pharmacology

• Betty Baluski
• November 16, 2009

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Vocabulary

• Medication
• A substance administered for the diagnosis, cure,
  treatment or relief of symptoms or to prevent
  disease
• Prescription
• The written directions for the preparation and
  administration of a drug .
• Brand name
• The name given by the drug manufacturer
• Drug
• Can be used when talking about illicit substance
• Generic Name
• The name given before it becomes official.
• Pharmacology
• The study of the effect of drug on the body

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Drug Standards

• Obtained from plant, mineral, animal or human
  sources (Can vary in strength)
• Can be synthesized
• Standards designated by Food, Drug and Cosmetic
  Act.
• Listed in USP
• Drug References

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Effects of Drug

• Side Effect
• Secondary Effect, Unintended.
• Adverse Effects
• Severe side effects
• Drug Toxicity
• Over dosage.to much in not enough out when rate
  of administration exceeds rate of excretion or
  metabolism
• Drug Allergy
• Immunological reactions
• Anaphylactic Reaction
• Severe allergic reaction

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Effects of Drug

• Drug Tolerance
• Requires increases in dosage
• Cumulative Effect
• Increasing response with each dose.
• Idiosyncratic Effect
• Unexpected and individual
• Drug-Drug Interactions
• Alters the effect of another or both drugs.
  Potentiating or inhibiting
• Iatrogenic Disease
• Caused unintentionally

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Drug Misuse

• Drug Abuse
• Inappropriate intake of a drug.
• Drug Dependence
• Reliance on or need to take a drug.
• Physiologic Dependence
• Due to biochemical changes in the body
• Psychological Dependence
• Emotional reliance on a drug.
• Illicit Drugs
• Street Drug. Illegal or with out a prescription

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Actions of Drugs On the Body

• Onset of Action
• Time when the body responds to the drug
• Peak Plasma Level
• The highest level achieved by a single dose
• Drug Half-life
• The time to reduce the drug level by half
• Plateau
• Maintained concentration between doses

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Actions of Drugs On the Body

• Pharmacodynamics
• The process by which the drug alters cell
  physiology
• A drug that binds to a receptor of a cell and
  triggers a response by the cell. An agonist often
  mimics the action of a naturally occurring
  substance

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Drugs Within the Body

• Pharmacokinetics
• Absorption
• The process by which a drug passes into the blood
  stream
• Distribution
• Is the transport of a drug from the site of
  absorption to the site of action. (Fat vs. plasma
  binding.)
• Biotransformation
• Detoxification- metabolism of a medication is the
  process by which a drug is converted into its
  less active form.
• Excretions
• The process by which drugs are and metabolites
  are eliminated from the body

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Factors Affecting Medication Action

• Age
• Gender
• Cultural, genetic
• Diet
• Environmental

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Factors Affecting Medication Action

• Psychological Factors
• Illness and Disease
• Time Of Administration
• Routes of Administration

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Routes of Administration

• Oral
• By mouth, absorbed in GI tract
• Sublingual
• Under the tongue, direct absorption
• Buccal
• In the cheek
• Topical
• On the skin, local effect, substance is applied
  directly where its action is desired
• Parenteral
• By injection

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Parenteral

• Subcutaneous
• Intramuscular
• Intradermal
• Intravenous

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Parts of a Drug Order

• .
• .
• .
• .
• .
• .
• .

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Medication Orders

• Stat
• Single
• Standing
• A prn order

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Systems of Measurement

• Metric
• Apothecaries
• Household

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Units of Weight vs. Units of Volume

• Gram Gm mg micog
• Liter l ml microl

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The Nursing Process

• Data
• Applied to Diagnosis
• Goals
• Interventions
• Evaluations

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Calculating Dosages

• D / H x Q _____ml
• H / Q D / ?
• D x Q H x ?
• D / H x Q ?

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The End