Chemistry through the Ages

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Chemistry through the Ages
Meet the Chemists
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3000 BC The Ancients
Fire Stone
Science by NEED
Tablets record the first known chemists as women
who manufactured perfumes from various
substances. Ancient Egyptians produced certain
compounds such as those used in mummification.
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1000 BC Beginning of METALLURGY
Chemical arts included the smelting of metals and
the making of drugs, dyes, iron, and bronze.
Iron making was also introduced and refinement
of lead and mercury was performed. The physical
properties of some metals such as copper, zinc,
silver, and gold were understood.
Many groups of people contributed to these
developments--among them were ancient Egyptians,
Greeks, Hebrews, Chinese, and Indians.
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Raging Elements
Greek Philosopher Lovers of wisdom Pure
reasoning - No EXPERIMENTATION
Why did things Change? If things can be changed,
then there must be one basic material behind all
things!!
Thales - Thought it was WATER!!!
Anaximenes - Thought it was AIR!!
Heraclitus - Thought it was FIRE!!
Empedocles - Thought, why not 4 - Water, Fire,
Air and EARTH
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Aristotle Adopted the 4 basic elements fire,
air, water earth. All matter is made up of
these elements and had the properties of hot,
cold, dry wet. Hot-and-dry was fire,
hot-and-moist was air, cold-and-dry was earth,
and cold-and-moist was water He added a 5th -
ETHER - to glow for the heavens.
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600 to 400 BC
The fragments of a stone, broken in two or even
reduced to powder, were still stone, and each
fragment could be further subdivided. Could such
division and subdivision of matter proceed
endlessly?
Democritus the atom to be the simplest unit of
matter. All matter is composed of atoms. Not
accepted for 100s of years
ATOMOS - means indivisible
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300 BC to 12 AD Alchemy
EXPERIMENTATION TECHIQUES MAGIC
Alchemists Ptolemy (Greek), Jabir (Arab) ,
Al-Razi (Persian)
Attempted to change metals into gold.
Philosopher's Stone
Searched for the Elixir of Life to make people
live longer.
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Contributions - experimental procedures -
equipment
Little in science advancements
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1500S 1600S - The Gases
Auroleus Phillips Theostratus Bombastus von
Hohenheim Paracelsus is credited with the
introduction of opium and mercury into the
arsenal of medicine. Founder of Medical
Chemistry His works also indicate an advanced
knowledge of the science and principles of
magnetism.
Experimentation Begins

• Robert Boyle particles in motion - Gas Laws
  pressure volume

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1700s QUALITATIVE TO QUANTITATIVE
1775 Lavoisier better gunpowder Systematically
determines weight of elements in compounds
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1800s ATOMS
1803 John Dalton publishes his Atomic Theory
which states that all matter is composed of
atoms, which are small and indivisible.
1808 Joseph Gay-Lussac another gas laws
In 1811 Avogadro hypothesized that equal volumes
of gases at the same temperature and pressure
contain equal numbers of molecules.
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Jon Berzelius inorganic elements bond together
in definite proportions by weight Father of
Modern Chemistry
1831 Michael Faraday 1st electrical generator
1867 Alfred Nobel dynamite, a stable form of
nitroglycerin
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1869 Dmitri Mendeleev arranged all known
elements into one table
1880 Humphrey Davy nitrous oxide be used as
anesthetic (he was ignored) Recognized the
tendency of one substance to react preferentially
with another - electrical
1897 J.J. Thomson discovered the electrons
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1900s Atomic Nuclear Structure Applied
Chemistry
Marie Curie 1903 Phenomenon of radioactivity
1911 discovered uranium and thorium within
pitchblende
1906 Paul Ehrlich produce substance to seek our
disease-causing microorganisms.
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1907 Leo Hendrik Baekeland Polymers that when
mixed with filler would produce a hard moldable
plastic. Used in automobiles and radio
industries Bakelite
1911 Rutherford Structure of atom He believed
that the atom was mostly empty space.
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• Wallace Hume Carothers synthetic polymer -
  Neoprene nylon

• Gilbert Lewis Bonding theory based on the
• number of electrons in outer most ring

1935 James Chadwick discovers the neutron.
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• Eugene Houdry High octane fuel

• James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins
  Rosalind Franklin
• Organic Molecules- DNA

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1954 Linus Pauling Quantum mechanics, expanded
covalent bond theory to include metallic compounds
1962 Paul B. Weisz zeolite catalysts to Improve
production rate gasoline, plastics,
polyesters, etc/
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TODAY 2000s
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