Earth System Climate System:

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• Earth System (Climate System)
• Atmosphere,
• Biosphere,
• Hydrosphere,
• Cryosphere,
• Lithosfer.

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Physical Properties of Sea-Water

• Salinity
• Temperature
• Density

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Global Heat Budget

NH SR - LR - LH - SH NH Total net heat
(Watt/m2) SR Solar radition (shortwave) LR
Longwave radiation LH Latent Heat SH Sensible
Heat
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Salinity and Temperature

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General Circulation in Oceans

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• Observational Methods
• Local
• Global

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Interactions of Atmosphere - Ocean
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ATMOSPHERE

• Gas,
• According to temperature Troposphere,
  Stratosphere ...,
• Response time from seconds to years,
• Greenhouse gases (watervapour, CO2 , methan ...),

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HYDROSPHERE OCEANS (WATER-SPHERE)

• Liquid,
• Density (temperature, salinity ...),
• Mixed-layer, termohaline, deep sea,
• Response time monthly, yearly....,

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Newell, et al., 1990
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Macdonald, MIT-WHOI PhD Thesis, 1995
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LITHOSHERE

• Solid,
• Tectonic Continents....,
• Response time millions years,

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CRYOSPHERE (ICESPHERE)

• Water depots ?,
• Poles,
• Solid,
• Response time from years to decades,

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BIOSPHERE (LIVING SPHERE)

• From grass to trees and forests,
• Response time from seconds to years,

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