Thing Invisble to See: Supermassive Black Holes

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Thing Invisble to See Supermassive Black Holes

• Douglas Richstone
• University of Michigan

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Thanks to our sponsor
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• T. Lauer (NOAO)
• J. Kormendy (Texas)
• J. Magorrian (C U)
• J. Pinkney (Michigan)
• D. Richstone (Mich)
• C. Siopis (Mich)
• S. Tremaine (Princeton)

• M. Aller (UM)
• R. Bender (Munich)
• G. Bower (NOAO)
• A. Dressler (OCIW)
• S. Faber (UCSC)
• A. Filippenko (UCB)
• K. Gebhardt (Texas)
• R.Green (NOAO)
• L. Ho (OCIW)

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Summary

• Where does the lore come from
• Quasars, observations of test-mass dynamics,
  interpretation.
• The current demographic picture
• M-? relation, bh mass spectrum, density,
  comparison to quasars.
• Emerging developments
• Slouching toward a theory
• The hunt for a second parameter
• Extension to very low masses
• Possibility of gravitational wave observation of
  BH mergers.

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?Where does the lore come from?
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3c175
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Mysterious properties of quasistellar objects

• Rapid variability minutes.
• Light travel time across inner solar system.
• Directed energy output (collimated beams of
  high-energy particles.
• Superluminal motion.
• Enormous luminosities 1011 suns.
• Objects the size of the solar system that
  outshine the galaxy.
• Quasars were populous in the youthful universe,
  but are rare now.

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Quasars and Black Holes

• Small size, large luminosity and apparent
  stability suggest that quasars are gravity
  powered.
• Ultimate gravitational engine is a bh. Some
  fraction of accreted energy is radiated (can
  greatly exceed thermonuclear energy).
• BH turns off when fuel is cut off.
• The decline of Quasars creates the inverse
  dinosaur problem where are the relics.

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Density of relics

• The light radiated by quasars is proportional to
  mc2 of accreted matter.
• The mass of the bh is at least m of the accreted
  matter.
• The density of quasars mandates a density of bh
  of about 2 x 105 solar masses/Mpc3.
• Where are they?

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Circular and parabolic orbits
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M84
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M84 hydrogen line
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Orbit Superposition (Schwarzschilds method)

• Assume a mass distribution.
• Compute the gravitational forces.
• Follow all the orbits.
• Sum the orbits to match the observed velocities.
• Failure rules out the mass distribution.
• I wish people wouldnt call this 3 I- it is any I!

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? The current demographic picture
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Results of 15 year effort

• Most bulges have BH (97 so far).
• BH mass tracks main-body parameters
• (L, ?).

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Second parameter?
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• Bulge M/L 3x10-3 h
• Density
• - 2.5x105 Msun/Mpc³ for h.65 (Yu
  Tremaine)
• - 4.8x105h2 Msun/Mpc3(Aller Richstone)
• consistent results from different datasets.
• S 2.2x105 Msun/Mpc3
• - 6 9x105 (Fabian Iwasawa) qsoX-ray
  background (and similar from Barger).

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A note on backgrounds

• Any background can be expressed in terms of the
  cosmic microwave background energy density
  (about 1eV/cm3).
• uqso 10-4
• ?bh uqso?-1(1 - ? -gw ejections)
• ustars 1

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A taxonomy of theories for the Mv4 relation.

• The bh growth is limited by a mass budget
  (Burkert Silk).
• The bh growth is limited by a momentum budget
  (Fabian)
• BH growth is limited by angular-momentum (AGR).
• BH growth limited by energy conservation (Silk
  Rees, Blandford). Ciotti Ostriker, pure core
  collapse).

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Only gas will produce the correct Soltan number

• Feedback vs. fortunate conditions
• Accreting matter
• Stars
• Degenerate objects
• Dark matter
• Gas

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Summary

• Supermassive black holes are here to stay.
• Quasars are OK, may need some very efficient
  emitters. X-ray background looks OK to me.
• Mv4 makes theorists salivate and may lead to a
  model.
• No second parameter yet.

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Implications

• BH growth spurt during quasar era (is this the
  epoch of bulge formation?).
• What is the pedigree of BH and galaxies?
• Co-Evolution! --- feeding, bar disruption, core
  scouring, mergers --- bh growh connected to
  galaxy evolution.
• Is any of this observable?

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Were looking forward to looking backward
- Alan Dressler
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LISA sky
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Grav waves.
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