ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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• INTRODUCTION TO
• Organic compounds are compounds that contain
  carbon atoms.
• The simplest organic compounds are the
  hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are compounds that
  contain only carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons
  can be divided into four main groups, given by
  the flowchart
• The four main groups are the alkanes, alkenes,
  alkynes and the aromatic compounds. From these
  four groups, many different compounds can be
  formed.
• 
  

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• 
  
• The Lewis dot structure for the carbon atom looks
  like
• C
• The four valance electrons allow four other atoms
  to bond to carbon. These other atoms are
  generally other carbon atoms, hydrogen, oxygen,
  nitrogen, and halogen atoms. The rules for
  naming hydrocarbon compounds are the same, no
  matter what is attached to the carbon atom.
• Saturated compounds, alkanes, are compounds that
  have only single bonds between the carbon atoms.
• Unsaturated compounds, alkenes and alkynes, are
  compounds that have double (alkenes) or triple
  (alkynes) bonds between one or more of the carbon
  atoms.
• Aromatic compounds are carbon compounds that are
  in a ring structure.

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NOMENCLATURE
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• Nomenclature means the naming of objects. The
  rules for nomenclature for hydrocarbons consist
  of a stem that is used for all aliphatic
  compounds, followed by different endings which
  indicate whether the compound is an alkane,
  alkene, or alkyne
• The number of carbon atoms determines which stem
  is used. The endings are determined by the
  number of attached hydrogen atoms (or other
  elements/compounds that are attached).

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• Group Formula
• Alkanes CnH2n2
• Alkenes CnH2n
• Alkynes CnH2n-2
• n of carbon atoms

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• Straight Chain alkanes a single chain of
  carbons
• Branched chain alkanes a single chain with
  branches off of it
• Same formula but different arrangement

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• Number of carbons Stem
• 1 Meth
• 2 Eth
• 3 Prop
• 4 But
• 5 Pent
• 6 Hex
• 7 Hept
• 8 Oct
• 9 Non
• 10 dec

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• Alkanes will only have single bonds in their
  structure alkenes will have one double bond,
  while alkynes will have a triple bond in them.
• A single bond will be indicated by a single
  straight line between two atoms (usually carbon
  to carbon bonds), C-C. A double bond looks like
  CC, while a triple bond looks like CC.
• A simple way to remember which group has which
  bonds are to look at the second vowel in the
  name. The vowels are "a", "e", and "y", which
  corresponds to single bonds, double bonds, and
  triple bonds.
• "a" single bonds
• "e" double bonds
• "y" triple bonds

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• There are two things to determine when naming a
  compound.
• (i) The number of carbon atoms in the compound.
  This provides the stem of the compound's name.
• (ii) The family that the compound belongs to.
  This provides the ending of the compound's name.
• The last three letters of the family name is
  added to the stem of the word. Examples are
  methane, ethene, pentane, pentene, pentyne, etc.

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• RULES FOR NAMING ALKANES
• Select the LONGEST continuous chain in the
  molecule and count the number of carbon atoms to
  determine the stem. The molecule may bend or
  "twist or turn", but you MUST have the longest
  chain.
• Consider every branch of the main chain to be a
  substituent derived from another hydrocarbon.
  For each group that is a substituent, take the
  stem of that part and add the ending "yl" to it.
  Common substituents are methyl, ethyl, and
  propyl.
• Number the carbon atoms so that the substituents
  have the LOWEST possible number.
• Name each substituent by finding the number of
  the carbon atom it is attached to and using the
  name from step two. For compounds that have more
  than one substituent that is the same, use the
  prefixes of di, tri, tetra, penta, etc.
• Separate numbers form other numbers by using
  commas (,) and from letters by dashes (-).
• Arrange the substituents ALPHABETICALLY

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• RULES FOR ALKENES AND ALKYNES
• The rules for naming alkenes and alkynes are very
  similar to naming alkanes.
• Select the LONGEST continuous chain in the
  molecule that CONTAINS the multiple bond. Count
  the number of carbon atoms to determine the stem.
  The molecule may bend or "twist or turn", but
  you MUST have the longest chain.
• Consider every branch of the main chain to be a
  substituent derived from another hydrocarbon.
  For each group that is a substituent, take the
  stem of that part and add the ending "yl" to it.
  Common substituents are methyl, ethyl, and
  propyl.
• Number the carbon atoms so that the MULTIPLE BOND
  has the LOWEST possible number.

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• Name each substituent by finding the number of
  the carbon atom it is attached to and using the
  name from step two. For compounds that have more
  than one substituent that is the same, use the
  prefixes of di, tri, tetra, penta, etc.
• Separate numbers form other numbers by using
  commas (,) and from letters by dashes (-).
• Arrange the substituents ALPHABETICALLY.
• Tell the location of the multiple bond by putting
  the number of the lowest carbon atom that it is
  attached to in front of the main name of the main
  molecule. Separate the name from the number by a
  dash.

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• FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
• Functional groups are structural fragments, or
  pieces, of different chemical composition that is
  responsible for
• the classification of different substances into
  families, such as aliphatic and aromatic
  compounds.
• the reactivity of the family for chemical
  reactions.
• Quick review
• Alkanes (single carbon to carbon bonds)
• Alkenes (a double carbon to carbon bond)
• Alkynes (a triple carbon to carbon bond)
• Aromatic (a ring structure based on benzene)
• Cycloalkanes (a ring structure of single bonded
  carbon atoms)

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• There are many other functional groups including
• Alcohols (has the hydroxyl group -OH attached,
  R-OH)
• Ethers (two chains of carbon with an oxygen atom
  in the middle joining the atoms together R-O-R')
• Organic acids (has the carboxyl group and are
  often called carboxylic acids. The carboxyl
  group is the group shown below.)
• The simplest
  members of this family are formic acid and
  acetate acid.
• O
• -C-O-H
• Esters (are very similar to organic acids, except
  they have a hydrocarbon group in place of the
  OH's hydrogen atom on the carboxyl group.)
• O
• R-C-O-R'
• Aldehydes (related to esters, by having the O-R'
  H atom).
• O
• R-C-H
• Ketones (related to esters, by having the O-R'
  replaced with a R').