Emission Outlook for Industry'

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Tasks Performed.

• Emission Outlook for Industry.
• Marginal Abatement Cost Curves for
  Industry.(Adjustment of existing detailed MACs
  for regions where little information was
  available).
• Exploration of abatement Potentials.

Regional and Sectoral Coverage
RegionsAll POLES and GEM-E3 Regions are
covered. Sectors Industry.
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GHG from Industry (non-energy related).
Total2453 mt CO eq
Total1296 mt CO eq
Total3891 mt CO eq
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Emission Outlook
HFC Sources HFC 134a is used as a refrigerant in
motor vehicle air conditioners also HFCs are used
in in foams and aerosols and from 1994 these
compounds also found applications as solvents.
HFC-23 is generated as a byproduct during the
production of (HCFC-22). Outlook Assumptions The
hfc emissions as ods substitutes increased
dramatically due to efforts to phase out cfc and
other ods. Nearly all producers in developed
countries have implemented process optimization
or thermal destruction to reduce HFC-23
emissions. Emissions are expected to continue
decreasing because HCFC-22 production, is
scheduled to be phased-out by 2030.
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Emission Outlook.

• N2O Sources
• Nitrous Oxide is emitted during the production of
  both adipic and nitric acid (adipic acid is
  mainly used in the production of nylon - nitric
  acid is a major component of adipic acid.
• Outlook Assumptions
• 1)Shifts in chemical production to developing
  countries.
• 2)Decrease in nitric acid demand 3)Aggreement of
  the major adipic acid producers to a voluntary
  reduction of their emissions by the end of 2000.

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Emission Outlook.
PFC Sources Semiconductor manufacturing.(mainly
from the US, EU-15, and Japan),Solvents,Aerosols.
Outlook Assumptions Market demand for
semiconductors is projected to continue its
current rapid growth until 2010. Correspondingly,
a rapid growth in PFC emissions from the
semiconductor industry is projected for this
period. In April 1999, the World Semiconductor
Council (WSC) agreed to reduce PFC emissions.
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Emission Outlook.

• PFC Sources
• Aluminium production is the largest source of
  PFCs (the magnitude of the emissions depends on
  the frequency of the anode effects).
• Outlook Assumptions
• Reductions in domestic aluminium production and
  actions taken to reduce the frequency and
  duration of anode effects (Voluntary Aluminium
  Industrial Partership.). The production growth
  results from additions to current aluminum
  capacity, mostly in the developing world, and
  improvements in cell technology that increase
  production efficiency at existing smelters
  worldwide. Emission rates, on the other hand, are
  expected to decrease as upgrades in process
  controls and alumina feeding systems will yield
  shorter, less frequent anode effects. The
  developed countries as a whole will see a
  substantial decrease in emissions because of the
  combined effect of production moving to
  developing countries and reduced emission rates.

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Emission Outlook.

• Emissions Sources
• Cement manufacture results in the generation of
  carbon dioxide.The largest source of industrial
  co2 (non energy related) emissions is the cement
  production.
• Outlook Assumptions
• Anticipated Increase in Cement Production.

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Emission Outlook.

• Emissions Sources
• The magnesium metal production and casting
  industry uses sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) as a
  cover gas to prevent the violent oxidation of
  molten magnesium in the presence of air.The
  industry adopted the use of SF6 to replace sulfur
  dioxide (SO2). SF6 is also emitted during the
  production of aluminium.
• Outlook Assumptions
• Voluntary SF6 Emission Reduction Partnership for
  the Magnesium Industry. Shift of aluminium
  production in the developing world,

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Absolute Increase in Mt of CO2 eq. from 1995 to
2030.Total 2595 CO2 eq.
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Abatement Technologies.

• N20 from Chemical Industry
• 1) Process Integrated measures that require new
  plants.
• 2) End of pipe measures Emissions can be
  reduced through end of pipe equipment based on
  catalytic conversion .
• HFC from Other Industries
• 1) Process Optimization Process optimization
  and modifying production equipment can both
  optimize HCFC-22 production and reduce HFC-23
  emissions. Process optimization is relatively
  inexpensive and is likely to be most effective in
  reducing the emissions from plants that are
  generating HFC-23 at a rate of 3 to 4.
• 2) Thermal Oxidation It has been estimated that
  the total installed capital costs for a thermal
  oxidation system are approximately 7 million per
  plant with total annual operational costs of
  200,000 per year (Honeywell, 2000) (30
  reduction).
• CO2 from non metallic minerals
• 1) Blended cements', using such ingredients as
  coal fly ash, where the CO2 emissions are
  slightly suppressed, by a maximum of 10-15.
  There is no known technology to reduce carbon
  dioxide emissions of Portland cement any further.

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Abatement Technologies

• SF6 from Other Industry
• 1) Capture/Recycle SF6 Air Liquide developed
  an SF6 capture/recycle system that could reduce
  SF6 emissions by up to 95 percent from current
  levels (Li, 2000). The captured SF6 can be
  re-used by the industry onsite.
• PFC from Other Industry
• 1) PFC Capture/Recovery. Currently available
  capture systems are guaranteed to remove 90
  percent of emissions.
• PFC from non ferrous metals
• 1) Improving Alumina Feeding Techniques.
• Using Improved Computer Controls to optimize cell
  performance (30 reduction).
• Training Cell Operators on methods and practices
  to minimize the frequency and duration of AEs.

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MACC China
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MACC Former Soviet Union
Catalytic Conversion
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MACC Japan
Capture and Destruct
Recycling
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Abatement Scenario
The Carbon Values used in the Scenario resulted
from an exercise carried out using POLES to
simulate a version of the Soft-landing Scenario
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Abatement Potential
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Abatement Potential
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Abatement Potential