PI: Hugh Coe

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VOCALS-UKBridging the scales between climate and
cloud processesVOCALS-UK is the UK Contribution
to the VAMOS Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study
PI Hugh Coe Co-investigators Manchester Tom
Choularton Gordon McFiggans Paul Connolly
Keith Bower Jonathan Crosier Martin
Gallagher Geraint Vaughan Leeds Alan
Blyth Alan Gadian James McQuaid Reading Julia
Slingo Len Shaffrey Thomas Toniazzo Collaborato
rs Met Office Phil Brown Steve Abel
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VOCALSBridging the scales between climate and
cloud processes

• VOCALS will act to bridge the gap between climate
  models and key cloud processes by
• Diagnosing and testing important aspects of
  Climate model performance in Sc cloud regions
  nested model resolution is key to this
• Developing new process knowledge and
  parameterising it in a way that is effective for
  climate models
• Doing this collaboratively through a
  
  Consortium will deliver useable
  
  parameterisations
  that have been
  developed
  in conjunction with their
  
  end users
• It will provide process studies with a
  
  climate backdrop to the VOCALS
  
  experiment an important
  context

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RATIONALE Aerosol-Cloud Interactions may have a
significant impact on climate on global and
regional scales. HOWEVER The detailed processes
are poorly known and the bases for their
representation in global models is at present
limited
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The South East Pacific in Climate Models
All the stratocumulus regions (including the SEP)
are poorly simulated in climate models.
The SEP is important for the global radiative
budget and climate variability (especially El
Nino).
Top Interannual variability of SST in HadCM3
Bottom Fractional change in SST variability when
SSTs are relaxed back to model climatology.
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Spring season (SON) mean cloud droplet effective
radius from MODIS mean surface winds from
Quikscat Sulphur sources are also shown
Component of SON shortwave cloud forcing W m-2
due to geographic variations in effective radius,
inferred from MODIS
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Operational CentersBMRC AustraliaCPTEC Brazil
ECMWF Int. JMA Japan NCEP US UKMO UK
Research Labs Brookhaven Nat. COLA CNRS/LMD
France IMARPE IPRC LEGOS NASA GSFC NCAR NOAA/CIRES
NOAA/GFDL NRL Pacific Northwest Woods Hole
Universities Arizona State U. U. Concepción,
Ch CSU Drexel U. U. Hawaii U. Manchester UK U.
Miami North Carolina State Oregon State U. U.
Reading UK U. Arizona U. Chile UCLA U.
Colorado UCSD U. Leeds UK U. Washington U. Wyoming
Funding 25M
Logistic Support UCAR JOSS
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Models in VOCALS
RAMS
AGCM
OGCM
ROMS
Trajectory Models
LES
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VOCALS-Mod UK Contribution
RAMS
AGCM
OGCM
ROMS
HiGEM
WRF
HadGEM
Trajectory Models
ADDEM
LES
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Outputs VOCALS-UK Activities Analysis
Tools Data Inputs Scale
MODELS
MEASURE-MENTS
HADLEY CENTRE JC
HadGEM HadCM3
NuGAM HiGEM
Review of Sc in regional climate models
REANALYSIS
UCLA RAMS
WRF-CHEM
Cloud Meso Regional Global
Ships, buoys satellites
Increasing scale
WRF
Twin Otter,G-1,C130
NWP testing
Legacy
ACPIM/LEM
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WP1 PLANNING (lead Bower Coe Brown Crosier
Gallagher, Blyth)

• The Calendar (additional teleconferences will be
  conducted)
• 11-12 June 2007 VOCALS-REx Preparatory Workshop,
  Boulder, CO
• (HC and Steve Abel, Met Office)
• 1st-11th October 2007 Site Survey by NCAR JOSS
  team
• Jan 2008 NSF and NOAA funding decisions
• 17-19 March 2008 1st VOCALS Science and
  Operations Meeting,
• Boulder, CO (HC, Thomas Toniazzo, Reading,
  Abel, MO)
• 5th-11th April 2008 FAAM recce to Chile
• (Bob Wells, FAAM DirectFlight Phil Brown, MO)
• Confirmed Arica will be the 146 base jointly
  with NSF
• June 2008 ARSF Do-228 recce to Arica jointly with
  G-1 team
• 17th-20th Oct Test Flying in the UK
• 21st-24th Oct Preparation and transit
• 25th Oct Set up in Chile
• 26th Oct-14th Nov inclusive scientific
  operations in Chile

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WP1 PLANNING (lead Bower Coe Brown Crosier
Gallagher, Blyth)
BAe-146
Do-228
C-130

• Multi-platform sampling along the 20S cross
  section will deliver
• a synthesised data set for testing of climate
  model representations of the SEP boundary layer.
• A series of important case studies

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UK-VOCALS co-ordinated cloud process modelling
activities WP3 Connolly (lead), Gadian, Crosier,
Choularton, Gallagher, Brown, Blyth, Coe WP 5
Blyth (lead), Connolly, Gadian, Crosier,
McFiggans, Brown, Toniazzo
WP2.2 WP3.1Aerosols, drizzle formation and
turbulence.High resolution process studies.
ADDEM/ LEM / ACPIM models
Parameterisation development
WP3.3. 3-d dynamical Stratocumulus structure,
aerosol properties and validation with WP3.1
LEM / WRF models
WP4.1 3-d cloud properties heterogeneity on
largerscales formation andmaintenance of
POCS. WRF / LEM models
Testing and refinement
l
WP2.3/5.2/5.3 Case studies of aerosol
transformation and reactions.Assess predicted
pollution and CDNC on regional
scale WRF- CHEM
WP 5.1 Regional scale cloud processes
modelling WRF
Increasingdomain size
Increasingresolution
Improved Sc model skill
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• Experiment based in Antigua to study warm rain
  formation in trade wind Cu.
• Study utilised data from 3 aircraft (FAAM, NSF
  C-130, King Air) to compare in-situ measurements
  of updraft characteristics with those simulated
  in the Met Office LEM.
• Model shown to produce significantly better
  simulations of warm rain when changes to the
  default parameters made.
• Demonstrates the importance of multi-aircraft
  compilation datasets

Default Modified
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WP4 UK-VOCALS Cloud radiation studies A unique
contribution to VOCALS Lead Vaughan, Coe,
Haywood (Met Office)
Imaging spectrometers on the Do-228 and the FAAM
146 will perform similar remote sensing roles but
with higher spatial resolution. Overflying other
aircraft making in situ measurements will allow
us to observe cloud radiative properties and link
them to in situ properties
Cloud properties such as cloud optical depth
cloud droplet concentration and mean cloud
droplet size can be retrieved from satellite
spectrometers such as MODIS
Polluted cloudy column closure studies
Do-228
Andes
Twin Otter
G-1
Arica
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The SEP Ocean in Climate Models
WP6 Slingo (lead) Shaffrey Toniazzo
How does the ocean determine the climate of the
SEP? To investigate this well be using HiGEM
a new coupled climate model where the resolution
is high enough to permit ocean eddies.
Right The ocean heat budget in HiGEM along 20oS
Ocean Eddies in the SEP
Data from the IMET buoy suggests eddies are
fundamental to the SEP heat budget. HiGEM appears
to capture this key process. Ships observations
from VOCALS-REX will increase understanding of
these processes.
IMET Buoy at 85oW 20oS
RV Ron Brown
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Understanding SEP cloud in Climate Models
WP6 Slingo (lead) Shaffrey Toniazzo
HadCM3 sensitivity experiment where the Andes are
moved a grid point to the east. This has a
dramatic impact on the coastal jet and the SST
errors in the SEP
Sea surface temperature and meridional wind
errors in HadCM3
The stratocumulus decks are better represented at
higher resolution. Why? Better coastal jets?
Better representation of coastal
processes? Perform an initial tendency analysis
of the n216 climate model. Start from
observations and understand how model errors
spin-up.
Cloud fraction and vertical profile of
temperature from HiGEM.
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DELIVERABLES The VOCALS-UK Consortium will
deliver new insights into the influence of marine
stratocumulus clouds on global and regional
climate and provide much needed improvements in
our ability to quantify the processes that
influence stratocumulus clouds and mans
influences on them. Specific deliverables
are A unique dataset on the SEP that will act
as an important future resource for research
An assessment of the regional distribution of
pollution aerosol and its influence on clouds.
Improvements in the ability to quantify the roles
of aerosol in controlling marine Sc cloud
compared to other processes The identification
of key processes necessary to improve the
simulation skill of Sc in regional models. An
evaluation of the HadGEM/HiGEM models in the SEP
region. Assessment of the processes
underpinning the maintenance of the climate in
the SEP region and regulating the variability of
the Tropical Pacific The transfer of VOCALS-UK
knowledge to the climate and weather prediction
communities
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VOCALS WORKING GROUP Chair Mechoso
PI Coe
VOCALS-UK ADVISORY TEAM Mechoso, Wood, member of
Hadley Centre and MO NWP
VOCALS-Rex Planning Team
Scientific Steering Group (PI co-Is Met Office
OBR, coordinators
VOCALS-UK OFFICE Project coordinator,
secretary
WP7 Coe/ Slingo
WP1 Bower
Regional/Climate model coordinator
Process studies coordinator
WP3 Connolly
WP5 Blyth
WP4 Vaughan
WP6 Slingo
WP2 Coe
BADC
NCAS Afiliations Slingo NCAS Director Climate
Research Vaughan NCAS Director of Weather
Research Blyth NCAS Head of Ground based
Observations and aircraft instruments Coe NCAS
Director of Airborne Observation
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Project Management Project Meetings 6 monthly to
ensure that the main milestones are reached and
that the future interaction necessary to achieve
the goals is carried out. Activity reports will
be requested from the PIs partner after each of
these. These will be collated by the Project
Coordinator and copied to the Programme Manager
at Swindon A website will be maintained by the
Project Coordinator (Grant Allan). PI will
direct the VOCALS project and chair the
Scientific Steering Committee. He will be
responsible for the delivery of the scientific
programme and its overall management The
Scientific Steering Group comprises the
co-investigators the project coordinator and the
scientific coordinators and members of the Met
Office Observation Research Group team, led by
Phil Brown. The function of this group is to
scrutinize the science being carried out in the
project and also its financial management. It
will meet every 6 months. The VOCALS-UK Advisory
Team will be composed of Roberto Mechoso (UCLA),
the chair of the International VOCALS working
group Rob Wood (Washington), the coordinator of
the VOCALS-REx Phil Brown (Met Office
Observational Research), a member of the Hadley
Centre Climate modeling team and a member of the
Met Office Numerical Weather Prediction model
group.
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• Project Management
• Two science coordinators will work with the WP
  leaders in the areas of aerosol and cloud process
  (Crosier) and at the interface between the HiGEM
  and WRF modeling activities (Toniazzo) to ensure
  that the work packages interface seamlessly.
• Project Office
• Project Coordinator (Grant Allan) (25)
• Organisation of the meetings
• Collating 6 month reports and reporting them to
  NERC
• Collating and preparing OPM returns
• Preparation of the end of contract report
• Auditing the milestones of the WPs and reporting
  to Steering Committee
• Overall Data Management ensuring data is
  delivered to BADC by partners
• Developing project website
• Project Secretary (Linda Foxley) (10)
• - Provide a central service for the project.
• - archive project documentation
• - distribute meetings information,
• - organize the VOCALS-UK meeting logistics,

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VOCALSBridging the scales between climate and
cloud processes

• WP7 Coe and Slingo
• VOCALS will act to bridge the gap between climate
  models and key cloud processes by
• Diagnosing and testing important aspects of
  Climate model performance in Sc cloud regions
  nested model resolution is key to this
• Developing new process knowledge and
  parameterising it in a way that is effective for
  climate models
• Doing this collaboratively through a
  
  consortium will deliver useable
  
  parameterisations
  that have been
  developed
  in conjunction with their
  
  end users
• It will provide process studies with a
  
  climate backdrop to the VOCALS
  
  experiment an important
  context

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0 1km 1 2.25 km
2.25 3.5 km gt 3.5 km AGL
WP2 AEROSOL AND CCN
Characterization of the variability of aerosol
particles and CCN.
CCN Closure studies
Met Office NAME simulations using University of
Chile derived emissions. The regional
variability of pollution aerosol leaving the
VOCALS region
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WP1 PLANNING (lead Bower Coe Brown Crosier
Gallagher, Blyth)

• Process study missions
• Multi-aircraft missions are being coordinated
• POC study
• Polluted lagrangian
• Polluted Cloudy column
• RV Ron Brown Overflights

Polluted cloudy column closure studies
Do-228
Andes
Twin Otter
G-1
Arica
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WP2Regional Simulations of Aerosol Composition
and comparison with measurement databaseCoe
(lead) McFiggans
ICARTT 2004 Simulated NOx and SO2 900 m AGL at
19 UTC 9 August 2004 and G-1 Measurements 17 - 19
UTC

• NOx too high because NEI99 emission estimates too
  high
• Currently performing another simulation that uses
  information from Continuous Emissions Monitoring
  System for stack emission sources
• Manchester working with Jerome Fast (PNNL) on the
  development of a suite of test cases for WRF-CHEM
  and providing PNNL with new thermodynamics

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Droplet number concentrations and aerosols
measurements in Sc during CLOPAP case studies.
CLOPAP (CLOud Processing of regional Air
Pollution advecting over land and sea)
ACPIM Model initialised with aircraft data
reproduces measurement
observations
observations
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Aircraft data PCASP, CPC, UHSAS, AMS
Aerosol Mixing state?
ADDEM Thermodynamic equilibrium model
ACPIM model
LEM, turbulence measurements
Improved skill in Sc simulation
WRF, forecast
Predictions of CCN, drizzle formation
Predictions of CCN, drizzle formation
Predictions of CCN, drizzle formation
Parameterisation, for 2-moment bulk schemes (e.g.
Twomey type)
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Rain In Cumulus over the Ocean (RICO) PI Blyth
General Flight Region