Urban Air Quality and its Management in China, P'R'

1
Urban Air Quality and its Management in China,
P.R.

• LI Xinmin
• State Environmental Protection Administration
• 27 September 2006

2
Environmental pollution not radically controlled

• The total SO2 emission was 25.49 million tons in
  2005, up 27 compared to 2000
• 40 of the 522 cities were lower than the Grade
  II of NAAQS There was not even one city
  compliant to Grade II of NAAQS in Shanxi
  Province.
• Acid rain occurred in more than half of the 696
  cities and counties

3
Energy

• Coal is the primary energy source in PRC and its
  consumption is expected to continue to increase
  from 1.3 billion tons in 2000 to between 2.1 and
  2.9 billion tons in 2020 dominating more than 50
  of primary energy share until 2020
• Petroleum/Crude Oil will account for about 27 of
  total primary energy in 2020

4
Energy Consumption and Air
Pollutant Emission
SO2 emission dust emission coal consumption
5
Registered Motor Vehicles in China, P.R.

• Ownership of automobiles and motorcycles has
  exceeded 43 million and 94 million respectively
  by the end of 2005 registering an increase of
  20.6 for cars and 23.6 for motorcycles compared
  in 2004

6
Motor Vehicle Growth Forecast
3.5 x by 2025
9 x by 2025
Vehicle Population Projection from Segment Y
plc See http//segmenty.com
7
Rapid Increase in Electric Bicycles

• Electric bikes are gaining an increasing share of
  two-wheeled transportation in P.R. China
• Defined as special two-wheel bike motivated by
  both manpower and electrical power, using storage
  battery as supplementary power
• Annual electric bike sales in P.R. China grew
  from 40,000 in 1998 to 10 million in 2005
• Dramatic growth has been largely due to
  legislations banning gasoline-fuelled scooters
  and bicycles, introduced from 1996 onwards in
  several major Chinese cities, including Beijing
  and Shanghai

8
Emissions Inventories

• SEPA regularly conducts regular emissions
  inventories
• SO2 increased steadily from the 1990s to the 1995
  but slowly dipped again from 1995 to 1999, after
  which they started to increase again
• For 2004, the total SO2 emissions reported by
  State Environmental Protection Administration
  (SEPA) were about 22.5Mt.
• Nitrogen oxide emissions have increased
  consistently and in 2003 were almost twice the
  1990 emissions.
• Smoke dust and industrial dust on the other hand
  have shown decreasing trends since 1997

9
National Acid Deposition and
SO2 Pollution Status
The area of acid rain was stable in 2005, but the
frequency was increased. The acid intensity was
increased in acid rain zone. Generally, acid rain
pollution was aggravated. P.R. China SO2
emissions are concentrated mostly in the Central
and East coastal areas - area with heavy
industries. 58.3 of the cities in Central China
experienced acid rain with 21.4 experiencing
occurrence of over 80

10
Acid Deposition Zones

• Six serious acid deposition zones
• Southwest
• Pearl River Delta
• Yangtze River Delta
• Huai Sea zone
• Big Beijing zone
• Three West zone (Shanxi, Shaanxi and Inner
  Mongolia).
• The acid deposition is much higher than the
  environmental capacity in these areas.

11
Air quality challenges from the power sector in
the 11th Five-Year Plan period

• In 2005, the national power generation capacity
  was 512 million kw, of which thermal power was
  389 million kw. It is expected that the new built
  thermal power generation capacity will be 72
  million kw in 2006.
• The new built power generation capacity will
  reach 300 million kw by 2010 and the total power
  generation capacity will reach 818 million kw
  with an annual growth rate of 9.8.
• The coal consumption in 2005 was 2.1 billion
  tons, of which 0.93 billion tons were consumed
  for power generation. The SO2 emission in 2005
  was 25.495 million tons, of which 13 million tons
  were emitted by power sector.
• Coal consumption in 2006 will be around 2.2
  billion tons and produced SO2 amount will be
  around 29.5 million tons.
• Coal consumption in 2010 will be around 2.5
  billion tons, of which 1.68 billion tons will be
  consumed for power generation, and produced SO2
  amount will be around 43.49 million tons, of
  which 23.6 million tons will be produced by power
  sector.

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Main Causes Environmental Problems caused by coal
fired power plants (1)

• Low efficiency and high emission
• The national average unit coal
  consumption of power generation is 374g/kw.h in
  2005, much higher than the international advanced
  level of 5060g/kw.h
• Coal is rich in north and west and lack in south
  and east.
• The east area consumes 55 the national total
  electricity but only holds 10 of the national
  total coal resource.
• The environmental capacity and electricity demand
  dont match.
• The power generation capacity of east
  area contributes to 54 of the national total
  while the environmental capacity is limited the
  west area is affluent in resources and
  environmental capacity while the power generation
  capacity is less.

13
Main Causes Environmental Problems caused by coal
fired power plants (2)

• Unreasonable structure of electricity sources
  hydropower generation capacity is more than 0.1
  billion kw while the proportion to total power is
  only 25. Nuclear power generation capacity is
  6.85 million kw, accounting for 1.34 of the
  national total, much lower than the international
  average level of 10. Electricity generated from
  new energy such as sun energy only contributes
  0.24 of the national total, much lower than the
  international average level of 1.
• Small thermal power units operational again
  These units have energy efficiency as low as
  700g/kw.h and are uneconomical for installation
  of desulfurization facilities.
• The quality of coal is getting worse lower heat
  value, higher ash and sulfur content

14
NOx Emission Trend in China (2000-2020)
15
Forecast of NOx Increase Trend
Comparison of NOx Emission Inventories for 2010
and 2020 by sector
16
Main Causes for AQ Problems

• Rapid development of heavy chemical industry,
  prominent structural pollution, unreasonable
  industrial structure
• High energy consumption, increase of 2 billion
  tons of coal and 0.4 billion tons of petroleum
  consumed in 2000-2005 compared to 1995-2000
• Rapid motorization
• Extensive economic development pattern, high
  growth paid by high cost
• Weak awareness on environmental regulation,
  unsound legal system, slack enforcement, low cost
  of violation, and high cost of compliance.
• Environmental protection issue separated from
  decision making

17
Air Quality Monitoring

• There are 2,289 monitoring stations in the
  country that employ more than 45,849 personnel to
  conduct monitoring work
• The governments five-year plan for ambient air
  quality monitoring for all cities directly under
  a province required the establishment of an urban
  automatic ambient air monitoring system as well
  as an urban acid rain monitoring system for all
  cities by 2005
• As of June 2004, there were 688 automatic air
  quality monitoring units in place in 234 cities
• In 2004, there were 527 cities able to monitor
  acid rain occurrences
• For dust and sandstorms monitoring, the National
  Meteorological Bureau of China has set up six
  special sandstorm monitoring stations equipped
  with automatic devices at the source and along
  major routes of sandstorms in North Chinas Inner
  Mongolia as part of the Sandstorm Project of
  the SEPA

18
PRC National Ambient Air Quality Standards
compared with WHO and US
Chinese cities are required to comply with
Class II NAAQS
19
Status of Air Quality API trends

• The share of the population living in cities
  meeting the NAAQS accounted for 33.1 of the
  total in 2004, decreasing by 3.3 compared with
  2003
• Decrease in percentage of cities with air quality
  worse than class 3 of NAAQS from 40.5 in 1999 to
  20.3 in 2004 and the increase of cities
  complying with Class 2 (from 33.1 in 1999 to
  38.6 in 2004) and Class 3 (from 26.3 in 1999 to
  41.2 in 2004) of the NAAQS

20
Status of Air Quality (2)
PM10 levels in Major Chinese Cities (1999 2005)
NAAQS Class II PM10 limit 100µg/m3
21
Status of Air Quality (3)
SO2 levels in Major Chinese Cities (1999 2005)
NAAQS Class II SO2 limit 60µg/m3
22
Status of Air Quality (4)
NO2 levels in Major Chinese Cities (1999 2005)
NAAQS Class II NO2 limit 80µg/m3
23
Air Quality Management Policies (1)

• The Environmental Protection Law (EPL) of PRC
  adopted in 1989 is the countrys primary law that
  provides the legal framework for the prevention
  and control of pollution
• In 1987 the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric
  Pollution Law (LPCAP) was created and later
  updated in 1995 and in 2000
• SEPA under the State Council conducts unified
  supervision and management of environmental
  protection throughout the country
• SEPAs local counterparts are the Environmental
  Protection Bureaus (EPBs) or offices (EPOs) and
  they administer, supervise, and manage
  environmental protection activities at the
  provincial, municipal, county, and district level

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Air Quality Management Policies (2)

• Within SEPA the primary responsibility for urban
  air quality managements rests with the Pollution
  Control Department
• PCD can call upon the assistance of the National
  Environmental Monitoring Centre, the Chinese
  Research Academy for Environmental Sciences, and
  other specialized institutions
• Air quality management capabilities of Chinese
  cities vary strongly
• The capacity of cities in the coastal belt is
  better developed than those in the Western cities
  
• Several cities either have received or are still
  receiving assistance from bilateral development
  agencies to strengthen their air quality
  management systems

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Air Quality Management Policies Mobile
Sources (1)

• P.R. China is at the forefront in
  institutionalizing vehicle emissions standards in
  developing countries in Asia
• In addition to Beijing, Guangzhou has adopted the
  Phase III (Euro III equivalent standards) and
  Shanghai has already requested for approval from
  the State Council

Vehicle Emissions Standards for Light-duty
Vehicles in China
Source GB 18352.1-3
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Air Quality Management Policies Mobile
Sources (2)

• Fuel Consumption Limits for Light Duty Passenger
  Vehicles were published on September 2, 2004 and
  implemented in July 2005 P.R. China became the
  first Asian country to implement such standards
• The first phase of the standard targeting a
  reduction of 5 in per-distance fuel consumption
  was implemented in 2005, and a second phase, with
  a goal of 10 reduction in fuel consumption for
  each weight category in 2008
• It is forecasted that 13 million tons of fuel
  will be saved in 2020 and 31 million tons in 2030

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Air Quality Management Policies Mobile
Sources (3)

• The 11th Five-Year Plan of P.R. China will
  prioritize the development of public
  transportation with mass rapid transit (MRT) as a
  key transport mode in mega cities and the NRDC
  has issued guidelines for implementation with the
  following provisions
• Develop BRT system
• Public transportation enterprises should increase
  the bus density, choose safe, energy-efficient
  and environment-friendly buses and scrap the
  high-polluting and low-technology buses
• The governmental fund to be used in urban
  transportation construction shall favor public
  transportation and cities should implement
  economic subsidy and compensation policy for the
  public transportation
• The price of public transportation should pay
  attention to both economic benefits and social
  benefits, and the business cost of the
  enterprises and the paying capacity of the public

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Air Quality Management Policies
Stationary Sources (1)

• P.R. China's emission standards for stationary
  sources relating to air pollutants can be divided
  into two categories (1) those for particular
  industries or particular types of pollution and
  (2) general standards specified in the Integrated
  Emission Standard of Air Pollutants (IESAP).
• Stationary sources are classified as boilers,
  thermal power plants, industrial kilns and
  furnaces, coke ovens and cement plants and are
  required to comply with the corresponding
  emissions standards
• The IESAP was enacted in 1996 and came into
  effect in 1997, it prescribes two sets of
  emission limits, one for new facilities installed
  on or after January 1, 1997, and another set for
  existing facilities installed prior to that date

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Air Quality Management Policies
Stationary Sources - SO2 Control (2)

• In the 11th Five-year plan, SO2 emission
  reduction is the emphasis of air pollution
  prevention and control and states that the
  emissions of sulfur dioxide should be reduced by
  10 by 2010
• The three principal components of existing SO2
  emissions control policy are the Pollution Levy
  System (PLS), Two Control Areas (TCA), and Total
  Emissions Control (TEC)
• PLS is based on the polluter pays principle
• TCA is not an instrument like the pollution levy
  for affecting abatement behavior, but rather a
  means for prioritizing SO2 control efforts,
  designating the standards, and identifying cities
  and regions that should receive extra attention
  and resources from the national government
• TEC limits the polluters to discharge under a
  specified level and levies the charge when any
  pollution is discharged
• Planning for the future
• Keep implementing the Total Emission Control
  systems
• Estimation of environmental capacity
• Set reduction goals for east, middle part and
  west
• Separate the emission reduction goal of power
  sector from the overall goal
• The high pollution sources controlled by the
  state
• Measuring the performance by emission per unit
  power generation
• Strengthening the construction of automatic
  on-line monitoring network

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Air Quality Management Policies
Area Sources Dust and Sandstorms

• The Chinese government ratified the UN Convention
  to Combat Desertification (CCD) in December 1996
• As a follow-up, the China National Committee to
  Implement the UN CCD (CCICCD) was set up and a
  China National Action Program (NAP) to Combat
  Desertification was prepared
• Government also earmarked CNY54 billion (about
  6.5 billion) for a 10-year program to address
  the DSS concern in the northern PRC

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Conclusions and challenges ahead (1)

• Trends of APIs from 1999 to 2004 suggest that air
  quality in Chinese cities is generally improving
  and confirmed by the percentage increase of
  cities complying with Class 2 (from 33.1 in 1999
  to 38.6 in 2004).
• However, the actual ambient air quality levels
  for PM10, SO2, and NO2, though generally
  improving are still above the WHO guidelines
• For the future the days of above grade II of
  NAQQS in 65 of the key cities gt 292
• To meet the air quality goals for the coming
  years, improvements will need to be made in
• the monitoring of air quality
• the capacity to develop and implement air quality
  management plans
• the coordination at the national and local level
  among relevant bureaus and agencies at different
  levels of government in implementing and
  developing AQM

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Conclusions and challenges ahead (2)

• The SO2 control policy in the 11th Five-Year Plan
  of the government is very timely because in this
  same period coal use in P.R. China is expected to
  increase as demand for energy also increases
• The national emission of SO2 reduced by 10
• Total SO2 emission lt 22.94 million tons
• SO2 emitted by power sector lt 10 million tons
• Regarding SO2, the energy consumption in 2010
  will reach 3 billion tons of standard coal and
  the raw coal consumption will be around 2.8
  billion tons, emitting SO2 by 43 million tons. To
  achieve the SO2 emission goal of 22.94 million
  tons, the SO2 reduction shouldnt be lower than
  20 million tons while the current treatment of
  SO2 is only 9.5 million tons. This means that
  capacity to reduce another 10.5 million tons
  needs to be created.
• The intensity and frequency of acid rain should
  be mitigated

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Conclusions and challenges ahead (3)

• Promoting environmental protection by resource
  conservation. The energy consumption per unit GDP
  should be reduced by 20. If the resource
  conservation goal cant be realized, it is almost
  impossible to fulfill the emission reduction
  goal.
• Investing more in pollution control. The total
  investment for environmental pollution control
  during the 11th Five-year Plan period is 1.3
  trillion yuan. The annual investment demand is
  260 billion yuan, accounting for a little higher
  than 1.

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Conclusions and challenges ahead (4)

• Strictly implementing relevant laws and
  regulations
• Build larger capacity for AQM at the national,
  provincial and local levels
• Integrating environmental protection index into
  the governmental performance evaluation system
  and ensure clear responsibilities at various
  governmental levels
• Promoting purchase of SO2 emission permit and
  emission trading pilot projects
• Fully implementing emission permit system and
  promoting market based approaches to pollution
  control.

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Conclusions and challenges ahead (5)

• Great efforts should be made for control of
  particulate matter, especially fine particles.
• The removal of industrial pollution sources in
  urban areas through scrapping of low and small
  pollution sources should be sped up.
• The energy efficiency and the rate of clean
  energy should be increased by developing combined
  heating supply and power generation, centralized
  heating, setting high-polluting fuels forbidden
  zones, etc.
• The pre-warning system of photochemical smog
  pollution needs to be established.
• Add new power generation capacity with
  desulfurization facilities by 100 million kw and
  146 million kw by the end of the period,
  installing desulfurization facilities for all of
  the newly built power generation units, not
  allowing building of new coal-fired power plants
  in large or mid-sized cities and their near
  suburbs or the areas where the acid rain
  pollution is serious or the SO2 concentration is
  higher than the standard.
• Strengthening the air pollution prevention and
  control for industries.

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Conclusions and challenges ahead (6)

• Vehicle emission control needs to be enhanced to
  deal with the rapid increase of numbers of
  vehicles
• Fuel road map needs to be developed leading up to
  Euro 4 for all regions of the country
• In-use vehicle emission strategy needs to be
  developed which addresses gross polluting
  vehicles including strengthening of I/M systems
• Policy on motorcycles to be developed to ensure
  that emissions from these type of vehicles are
  reduced

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Thank You
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