The Middle Ages

1
The Middle Ages

• The Rise of Kings

2
Goals

• What led to nation building in Europe?
• What was nation building like in England?
• How did the Hundred Years War affect Britain and
  France?

3
Conflict with the Church

• During the Middle Ages, kings and popes fought
  over who should choose bishops
• Bishops controlled large land areas and kings
  wanted to have a role in the Church

4
Henry IV and Pope Gregory

• 1077 Henry IV of Germany controlled most of
  Europe
• Chose bishops, but told to stop by Pope Gregory
• Pope Gregory excommunicated King Henry
• King Henry begged forgiveness and let back into
  Church
• Henry invaded Italy, throughout Pope Gregory and
  named a new pope
• Kings willing to challenge the Church, gained
  more power

5
Feudalism

• Nobles more power than kings
• Nobles power dependant on Feudalism
• Crusades and Plague weakening Feudalism
• Towns and cities growing
• Kings agreed to protect towns in exchange for tax
  money
• Kings used taxes to build armies
• Armies used to attack troublesome armies
• Kings power growing

6
Rise of Kings

• Kings become more powerful
• Instead of many fiefs under many nobles, fiefs
  become united under one powerful king
• The kings become strong enough to challenge the
  Church

7
The Birth of Nations

• Nations develop
• Nation Community of people that share a
  territory and government
• Marked by common language and culture
• Nation building Combining communities into a
  single nation with a national identity and
  government

8
New Nations

• Spain develops
• Russia Tsars come to power
• France and England develop

9
England

• Norman Conquest 1066, William of Normandy
  conquered England and established kingdom
• Became William the Conqueror, ruled well

10
King John

• 1199
• Descendant of William, ruled harshly
• Taxed people heavily
• Jailed enemies without trials
• Angered Church by seizing Church property and
  blocked Church appointments

11
The Magna Carta

• Nobles and Clergy angered, demanded change
• 1215, at Runnymede England, presented list of
  demands to king
• King John forced to sign document of laws called
  the Magna Carta (The Great Charter)

12
Changes

• Limited the kings power
• Could not jail a freeman without cause
• Could not raise taxes without consulting lords
  and clergy
• Led to Parliament Law making assembly
• The Magna Carta strengthened the power of the
  king
• Because nobles had a say in government, they were
  more likely to support the kings decisions

13
The Hundred Years War

• 1337-1453 Britain versus France
• English controlled areas in modern day France
• 1328, French king died, King Edward III of
  England named himself king of France
• French nobles disagreed, Hundred Years War began
• Other causes Desire to control English Channel
  and Trade

14
Joan of Arc

• Wars went on many years, England won most
  battles, France continued to fight
• 1429 Tied changed when peasant girl, Joan of Arc
  (17) took control of French army at the battle of
  Orleans
• French won battle, Joan continued to be
  victorious
• 1430 Joan taken prisoner, convicted of witchcraft
  and burned at the stake

15
Effect of Joan of Arc

• French viewed her as a martyr
• Her death inspired French to many victories
• By 1453, English driven out of most of France
• France on its way to nationhood

16
Growing power of kings

• Hundred Years War added to power of kings and
  strength of Britain and France
• New technologies longbow and cannon
• Knights not practical
• National identities grew, people view selves as
  French or British
• Feudalism gone, nations in place, look to world
  for exploration

17
Summary Rise of Kings

• Magna Carta unified England under one set of laws
  with a king and Parliament
• Hundred Years War unified England and France
• Power of the Church has become limited
• Feudalism gone, nations in place