Middle East

1
Middle East

• World War I-Present

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Post World War I-The Mandate System
inhabited by peoples not yet able to stand by
themselves under strenuous conditions of the
modern worldthe tutelage of such peoples should
be entrusted to the advanced nations of whocan
best undertake this responsibility.

• Because of the self-determination clause of
  Wilsons 14 Points the United States rejected the
  establishment of old fashioned colonies in the
  territories of the former Ottoman Empire.
• The European powers came up with the idea of
  trusteeship. The administration of the mandates
  fell to the victorious powers of WWI.

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Reactions to the Mandate System

• Arab outrage. This system violated British and
  French promises to Arab leaders during the war.
• They promised Arab nationalists independence from
  the Ottomans.
• Promised Arab nationalists independence from the
  Ottomans.
• Promised Jewish nationalists in Europe a homeland
  in Palestine.
• Balfour Declaration of 1917

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The Creation of Modern Turkey

• The Treaty of Sevres dissolved the Ottoman
  Empire. It was acceptable to Sultan Mohammed VI
  but not to Turkish nationalists. The
  nationalists were led by Mustafa Kemal.
• Mustafa Kemal organized a nationalist army and
  drove all occupation forces out.
• Kemal created the Republic of Turkey. Allied
  powers recognized the Republic in the Treaty of
  Lausanne (1923).

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Mustafa Kemal

• Came to be called Ataturk. (father of modern
  Turkey)
• Became president of the Republic and began an
  ambitious program of modernization and ruled
  until 1938.
• Economic development
• secularism
• Complete separation of Islam and the state.
• Emancipated women and gave them the right to
  vote.
• Adopted European created law, the Roman alphabet
  and European clothing. (westernization)

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Arab Independence

• Except for Palestine, most Arab states had little
  difficulty gaining independence by the end of
  WWII.
• Even though Egypt, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and
  Jordan became independent after WWII, their
  sovereignty was impeded by vestiges of
  imperialism and the cold war.

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Palestine

• Great Britain was the mandate power in Palestine.
• The Brits made conflicting promises to Jews and
  Arabs about homeland and independence in
  Palestine.
• The Zionist movement in Europe was growing wanted
  to establish a national homeland for the Jews
  where they would be safe from persecution.
• The British were forced to allow Jewish
  immigration to Palestine because of the Balfour
  Declaration.
• To make the Arabs happy they limited Jewish
  immigration.

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Palestine

• The British were unsuccessful in balancing the
  causes of the Jews and the Arabs.
• The British were forced to use their armies to
  prevent large scale violence.
• Arab Palestinians rejected British rule and
  Jewish immigration.
• The Jews threatened Arab interests when they
  began to settle their communal farms. (kibbutzim)
• Arab resentment against the Jews led to
  anti-Jewish riots in the 1920s and 1930s.
• European Jews were also under attack at the same
  time by Nazi Germany.
• Jewish settlers in Palestine began to arm
  themselves as protection against the Arabs.

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Palestine

• The conflict between the Jews and Arabs heated up
  after WWII.
• Pan-Arabism rose around the newly independent
  Arab countries surrounding Palestine.
• The Holocaust and the policy of the British to
  limit Jewish immigration to Palestine intensified
  the Jewish commitment to building a Jewish state.

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The Creation of the State of Israel

• The British could not solve the Arab/Jewish
  claims to Palestine.
• The British gave up in 1947 and allowed the UN to
  settle the dispute.
• The UN agreed to divide Palestine into two
  states. One Jewish and the other Arab.
• The Arabs rejected this settlement. The 2 sides
  battled one another until the British withdrew
  from Palestine in 1948.
• In 1948 the Jews declared an independent state of
  Israel. This led to a series of Arab/Israeli
  wars as Egypt, Jordan, Syria and Iraq declared
  war on Israel.

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Effects of the Creation of the State of Israel

• Arab states expected a swift victory over the
  outnumbered Jews. The underestimated the new
  Israeli military.
• The Israelis gained territories that the UN
  partition plan had not granted to them.
• 1949-A truce went into effect and Jerusalem and
  the Jordan River Valley were divided between
  Jordan and the new Israeli state.
• The large number of Palestinian refugees became a
  symbol of the Arab defeat in Palestine.

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Rise of Arab Nationalism

• Egyptian military leaders under the leadership of
  Gamal Abdel Nasser committed themselves to
  opposing Israel and taking command of the Arab
  world.
• Without the use of constitutional government or
  democratic principles, they began a political
  revolution and a campaign of state reform based
  on militarism and secularism. They were
  anti-communist and against the Muslim Brotherhood.

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Gamal Abdel Nasser

• July 1952-Nasser and other officers stage a
  bloodless coup.
• 1954-He named himself prime minister and took
  control of the Egyptian government.
• He wanted to develop Egypt economically and
  militarily.
• He wanted Egypt to be the center of
  Arab-nationalism.
• He took on a policy of non-alignment.

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Gamal Abdel Nasser

• Nasser dedicated himself to ridding Egypt and the
  Arab world of Israel and imperial interference.
• He aided the Algerians in the war against the
  French.
• 1954-Abolished British military rights to the
  Suez Canal.
• He claimed leadership to the Arab world as a
  result of these actions.
• 1956-Nationalized the Suez Canal which led to war
  with the French, British and the Israelis. He
  used money from the canal to build the Aswan Dam.

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Gamal Abdel Nasser

• The British, French and Israelis won the war but
  the failed in the diplomacy.
• Nasser gained tremendous prestige throughout the
  Arab world and the USSR began to support the
  cause of Arab nationalism.
• Nasser failed at getting rid of Israel which
  ultimately hurt his popularity.
• Southwest Asia never became a typical cold war
  battle ground because the presence of oil
  confused the situation.

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The 1970s

• Arab Nationalism linked the religious force of
  Islam.
• 1964-Creation of the PLO. Led by Yassir Arafat.
  Used terrorism to make their point.
• Islam began to be used to fend off US\European
  interference.
• Cold War split the Arab-Muslim world and
  Pan-Arabism never achieved its goals.
• Governments of the region included dictatorships,
  monarchies, Islamic revolutionary regimes and
  democratic Israel.
• 1967/1973-Israel soundly defeats the Arabs.

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Arab/Israeli Peace?

• 1978/1980-Egypts Anwar Sadat begins negotiations
  with Israel to create a peace treaty.
• Camp David Peace Accords
• 1981-Sadat is assassinated.
• 1993/1995-Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin of Israel
  begin negotiations for peace and although they
  sign a document. These agreements have largely
  been unsuccessful.

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Rise of Islamism

• Reassertion of Islamic values in politics.
• This philosophy rose in response to
  disillusionment of American and European models
  of development.
• Extremists have used the concept of Jihad to
  rationalize terrorism.
• 1979-Iranian Revolution demonstrated the power of
  Islam.

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Iranian Revolution

• Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi was the secular
  oppressive ruler of Iran. He was supported by
  the US because of his anticommunist policies.
• He was overthrown by an anti-american and
  religious Shia leader Ayatollah Ruhollah
  Khomeini. He wanted to rule Iran according to
  the rules of Islam.
• The revolution demonstrated anit-US feeling
  throughout the Muslim Middle East.

Inspired other Muslims to undertake terrorist
actions.
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Iraq

• 1979-Saddam Hussein became president of Iraq.
• Religious differences
• oil
• 1980-Attacked Iran. War lasted until 1988. Over
  1 million people were killed.
• 1990-Iraq invades Kuwait attempted to create a
  greater Iraq. This leads to the 1991 Gulf War.
• The Rest is History

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OPEC

• Organization of Petroleum Exporting
  Countries-Cartel established in 1960. Members
  include Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia,
  Venezuela, Qatar, Libya, Indonesia, Abu Dhabi,
  Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador, and Gabon.
• Goal was to control the price and production of
  oil.
• OPECs policies greatly influence the global
  economy.
• Trading Bloc