Michael Russell, Science 302, 580581 2003

1
LIFES ONSET IN AN ALKALINE HYDROTHERMAL REACTOR
Michael Russell, Science 302, 580-581 (2003)
2
Geodynamic and metabolic cycles in the
Hadean Russell and Arndt, 2004, Biogeoscience
Discussions 1, 591-624.
3
Black Smoker at 360 C, pH 3.4 East Pacific Rise
?
iii
Dudley Foster (WHOI) National Geographic November
1979,
,
4
ALKALINE SUBMARINE SPRING ON RIDGE FLANK
Mg(OH)2 pH ?11 T ?90?C H2
10mmol gt35,000 years Kelley et al. 2001,
Nature 412, 145 Früh-Green et al. 2003,
Science 301, 495
5
THE THREE MOST METASTABLE CARBOXYLATESproduced
mixing hydrothermal solution with seawaterShock
et al. 1998 in Thermophiles, Wiegel Adams (eds)
6
Precipitation of FeS at warm spring
442H2 10NH3 HS-hydrothermal 210CO2
H2PO4- Fe,Mn,Zn,Ni,Cu2ocean
C70H129O65N10P(Fe,Mn,Zn,Ni,Cu)Slife
70CH3CHOOH 219H2Owaste
Emergence of life at a warm seepage
7
Russell Hall 2002, Geochemical News 113, p. 6
8
Silvermines chimney
Boyce, Coleman, Russell, 1983, Nature 306, 545
9
PYRITE BOTRYOIDS CHIMNEYS FROM TYNAGH MINE,
IRELAND (10cm across) Russell Martin 2004.The
rocky roots of the acetyl-CoA pathway.TIBS 29, 358

10
IRISH MINERAL SAMPLES FROM TYNAGH (350Ma)
IRON SULFIDE BUBBLES
CHIMNEYS
IRON OXIDE SEDIMENTS
SULFIDE DEPOSITS AT WARM SEEPAGE
11
Iron sulfide bubbles from Tynagh

Russell Hall 1997, Geol. Soc. London 154, 377
12
Iron sulfide garden, Tynagh
13
(No Transcript)
14
CoCl2.6H2O Na2SiO3 8H2O ?
6H2O2HClCoSiO36H2O2NaOH
Traube, 1867, Experimente zur Theorie der
Zellenbildung und Endomose. Arch. Anat. Physiol.,
p. 87-165
15
Iron sulfide garden, Tynagh
16
40 mm
FeS
FeCl2
Hadean ocean
Na2S
Forced injection
FeCl2
seep
FeS
Na2S
Simulation of an alkaline seepage into acidulous
ocean
FeS compartments
17
3mm
Pyrite microbialite at hydrothermal
mound, Ballynoe open pit barite deposit,
Silvermines
Russell 1995. Ore Geol. Rev v. 10, p. 199-214.
18
The rocky roots of the acetyl-CoA
pathwayHydrothermal reactor modelRussell
Martin 2004. TIBS 29, 358-363
19

10 micron mackinawite crystals (FeS)
20
Mackinawite
Russell et al. 1998 in Thermophiles, Wiegel
Adams (eds), 77-126
21

DISORDERED MACKINAWITE - FeS
Fe2 2HS- ? Fe(HS)2 ? FeS H2S
Fe2 H2S ? FeS 2H
pH 6
pH 8
75 unit cells
2200 unit cells
Wolthers, M., Van der Gaast, S.J. Rickard, D.,
2003, The structure of disordered mackinawite.
Am. Min. 88, 2007
22
Russell, Hall, Fallick Boyce, 2005, Econ.
Geol. 100 After Dobbeck et al. 2001 Drennan et
al.2001 Doukov et al.2002 Einsle et al.2002
Darnault et al. 2003 Svetlitchnyi et al.2004
23
(No Transcript)
24
Conditions of Hennet et al.1992
Naturwissenschaften 79, 361 projected onto a
hydrothermal reactor (Russell et al.1994,2003)
25
Dipeptides from amino acids activated with CO on
(Ni,Fe)S
Huber and Wächtershäuser 1998 Science 281, 670,
2003 Tetrahedr. Letters 44, 1695 (aa
synthesis peaks at pH 9, 50?-75?C)
see Leman et al. 2004 Science
306, 283 using COS
100?C
yield
5
4

3

gly-gly (1 day)
phe-phe (1 day Pi)
2

1

LY-gtLY-DY (1day)
0
9
10
8
7
pH
26
ACHIRAL PEPTIDE NESTS
Milner-White Russell 2005, Origins of Life
Evolution Biosphere 35
27
a) Electrochemical energy potentiating the first
microbe
a)
b)
b) Electrochemical energy available to modern
iron-reducing bacteria
Russell Hall 1997, Geol. Soc. London 154, 377
28
Russell et al. 2005, Econ. Geol. 100
29
AN AMBIENT PROTONMOTIVE FORCE
Russell Hall 2002, Geochemical News, 113, p. 8
30
Pyrophosphate yield 25 (pH 6.5, 37ºC) catalysed
by FeS (31P NMR) de Zwart, I.I., Meade, S.J.,
Pratt, A.J. 2004, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 68,
4093-4098
HPO42- CH3COPO42- ? HP2O73- CH3COO-
31
PARTIALLY HYDRATED DISORDERED MACKINAWITE - FeS
pH 8
pH 6
75 unit cells
2000 unit cells
Wolthers, M., Van der Gaast, S.J. Rickard, D.,
2003, The structure of disordered mackinawite.
Am. Min. 88, 2007
32
The side chains of an RNA triplet, viz., AUG,
produce cleft for the side chain of the amino
acid, methionine
33
AMINO ACID-CODON PAIRING (cleft for methionine)
POLYMERIZATION Russell, Hall, Mellersh, 2003 (R.
Ikan, ed), Kluwer
34
Peptide formation from free amino acids in a
proto RNA polymerase
Russell, Hall, Mellersh, 2003, Laboratory-Simulate
d Thermal Geochemical Processes (R. Ikan, ed),
Kluwer, pp. 325-388.
35
Peptide bonding
Russell, Hall, Mellersh, 2003, Laboratory-Simulate
d Thermal Geochemical Processes (R. Ikan, ed),
Kluwer, pp. 325-388.
36
Free peptide
37
(No Transcript)
38
The rocky roots of the acetyl-CoA
pathwayRussell Martin 2004. TIBS 29,
358-363
39
ONSET, ACETOGENESIS AND BIFURCATION TO
METHANOGENESIS AND OXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS
(Russell Arndt, 2004, Biogeoscience
Discussions, v. 1, p. 591-624)
40
(No Transcript)
41
Pourbaix (Eh/pH) diagram Russell Hall
2002, Geochemical News 113, p. 9
42
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Last Common Community (LCC)
43
DIFFERENTIATION IN THE MOUND
FeIII
Protobacteria 40C 4H2 2CO2 ? 2H2O CH3COOH
Protoarchaea 60C 4H2 CO2 ? 2H2O CH4?
Martin Russell 2003, Trans. Roy. Society of
London v. 358B, p. 27-85
44
Ranciéite ppt CaMn4O9.3H2O protects cells in
photic zone. Cf. The Oxygen Evolving
Complex MnCaMn3O4?2H2O ? 4H 4e- O2
Russell and Arndt, Biogeosciences Discussions 1,
591