HISTORY 3501C Alien Dynasties: Ethnicity and Women

1
HISTORY 3501C Alien Dynasties Ethnicity and
Women

• Venue Humanities Building, New Asia College 12
  (NAH 12)
• Time Wednesday (230pm-415 pm)
• Medium of Instruction English
• Professor Dr. Priscilla (Ching) Chung ???
• prischung_at_cuhk.edu.hk
• Tutor Amy Chung
• amychung_at_arts.cuhk.edu.hk
• Required readings for each week can be found on
  the website http//ihome.cuhk.edu.hk/7Eb109197/
  
• Students should complete these readings before
  the lecture.

2
Conquest Dynasties Ethnicity and Women

• Central Asia Today
• Central Asia in World History
• Central Asia and China
• The Military Fronts of the Nomads
• Sites of Nomadic Invasions
• Periods of Nomadic Invasions
• Nomad Empires of Central Asia
• Course description
• Course Description
• Course Goals
• Course Format
• Student Assessment
• Schedule of Courses
• Major Readings
• Reading for Next Week

3
Background Central Asia Today

• Central Asia has been in the news since the
  breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991.
• Soviet Union had been a federation 15 republics
  -- Soviet Socialist Republics (SSR).
• The republics became independent countries, with
  some still loosely organized under the heading
  Commonwealth of Independent States.
• There were four main groupings Eastern Europe,
  Baltic States, Caucasus, and Central Asia.
• The republics in Central Asia are Kyrgyzstan,
  Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and
  Uzbekistan.
• Most of the Central Asians were nomads who
  originated from Eastern Asia Mongolia
  (especially the Turkic Mongols).
• General movement took these people westward
  2/3C AD.
• Waves of Invasions
• Europe spared by the Mongols who returned to
  their homeland at the death of Genghis Khan.
• Middle East
• India
• China

4
Background Central Asia Today (2)

• China is very concerned about how the
  independence of these republics will affect the
  politics of Chinas ethnic minorities as there
  are many minorities in China. The major ones are
• 8 million Uighur Turks live in Xinjiang old
  Chinese Turkestan.
• The Tibetans are struggling with independence
  issues.
• More than a million Kazakhs live in China (total
  population in Kazakhstan 12 million).
• 3,000 people in Xinjiang (China) speak Uzbek and
  Uzbekistan is encouraging the migration of Uzbek
  speakers to Uzbekistan
• There are also Kyrgyz speakers in China and the
  Kyrgyz have been involved in trade along the Silk
  Road since the 8th century.

5
Background Central Asia Today (3)
6
Central Asia Today (4)

• Basic Demographic and Economic Indictors for the
  Central Asian Republics
• (Source World Development Report, 1993
  Nationalities from The Economist, December 1992).

7
Central Asia Today Tajikistan

• Single non-Turkic republic but surrounded by
  Turks except in the south.
• Shares culture with Iran but Muslim in faith.
• Tajik language is dialect of Persian
• Mountainous, landlocked no ports
• Has been inhabited continuously since 4,000 BC.
• Under the rule of different empires mostly the
  Persian Empire.
• Arabs brought Islam in the 7th century.
• The Mongols later took partial control of Central
  Asia, and later the land that today comprises
  Tajikistan became a part of the emirate of
  Bukhara.
• A small community of Jews displaced from the
  Middle East after the Babylonian captivity,
  migrated to the region and settled there after
  600 BC, though the majority of Jews did not
  migrate to Tajikistan until the 20th century.

8
Central Asia Today Kazakhstan

• Turkic and Muslim character.
• Kazakhs are a minority in their own republic
  (40) close to a quarter of population lost
  during collectivization.
• Unspoken policy of encouraging peoples of Kazakh
  origin to return from China, Mongolia,
  Uzbekistan, Russia, Turkey, Europe and elsewhere.
• Large numbers of Uzbeks live in the south along
  the Uzbek border.
• Economic power in hands of Russians, Koreans and
  other Muslim nationalities.
• Anguish at having had their land, dignity,
  language and culture stripped away by the
  Russians.

9
Central Asia Today Kyrgyzstan

• Kyrgyzstan means the "Land of the Kyrgyz."
• Mountainous and somewhat isolated.
• Borders Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to
  the west, Tajikistan to the southwest and the PRC
  to the southeast.
• Limited economic prospects
• Large Uzbek minority.
• Kyrgyz people are closest to the Kazakhs but are
  thought of as mountain Kazakhs by the Kazakhs.
• The first known homeland of the Kyrgyz in
  southern Siberia.
• Their first appearance in written documents
  appears in the Sima Qians Records of the Grand
  Historian (compiled 109 BC to 91 BC).
• The Kyrgyz were once under the rule of the
  Göktürks and Uyghur, the latter tribe being
  defeated and migrating to Xinjiang.
• Currently, the Kyrgyz (in China) form one of the
  56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the PRC.

10
Central Asia Today Turkmenistan

• Isolated from the other Central Asian republics
  by a large desert expanse.
• Linguistically, they are Oghuz (Western Turk) as
  the Azerbaijanis and the Turks of Turkey.
• Turkmen land is located in the centre of Asia, on
  the crossroads of the ancient caravan routes and
  modern transcontinental communication lines.
• It is on the only land corridor leading into Iran
  and to the Persian Gulf and Turkey.
• It was a land through which armies marched to
  conquer other lands Alexander the Greater,
  Genghis Khan and others.
• Possesses major oil and gas reserves that make it
  the richest per capita state of central Asia.
• Turkmenistan is one of the few countries of the
  world in which there is almost no HIV sufferers
  due to preventive work of the government.

11
Central Asia Today Uzbekistan

• Tashkent, its capital, was the Asian capital of
  the Soviet Union.
• Uzbeks possess a high degree of education,
  technical know-how and advanced scientific and
  technological institutes.
• Chief rival with Kazakhstan for regional
  influence.
• Possible conflict with Tajikistan due to the
  large number of Tajiks (20.5 of Tajiks in the
  former Soviet Union live in Uzbekistan).
• Tajiks form a majority in Samarqand.
• Widespread use of Tajik language.
• Large Uzbek population in Tajikistan concentrated
  in the north.
• (1.5 million according to Uzbeks forming 7 of
  the Uzbek population)

12
Background Central Asia in World History

• For 2,000 years, from 4C BC to 15C Ad, the steppe
  areas of Central Asia, from the borders of
  Manchuria to Ukraine, lived peoples who
  threatened settled peoples from China to Russia
  and Hungary, including Iran, India, the Byzantine
  empire, and even Egypt.
• Central Asians were originally people without a
  common language, most without writing.
• They were mounted archers, using harassment and
  indirect maneuver, before delivering the blow
  enabled them to attack from bases far away and
  overcome problems of logistics.
• They were of different ethnic origins but
  belonging to major branches (Turks, Mongols,
  Manchus and their ancestors).
• Periodically, they would be united by a common
  strategic culture the culture of the steppe
  under a charismatic leader.
• They were empire destroyers when they managed to
  unite under the leadership of a brilliant
  commander.

13
Background Central Asia in World History (2)

• They contributed to exchanges on the Silk Road
  and their heirs laid the basis of the Ottoman
  (Turkey) and Mughal (India) Empires.
• Most originated from Eastern Asia Mongolia
  (especially the Turkic Mongols) but the general
  movement took these people westward 2/3C AD
• At times, they would assimilate the knowledge and
  culture of settled societies China, Iran, and
  Byzantine and rule over empires.
• Nomadic populations of Eurasia were
• Indo-Iranians Sythians eliminated in 1C AD.
  -- Turkic-speaking peoples drove out or absorbed
  the Indo-Iranians and occupied the area known as
  Turkestan.
• Ancestors of Turkic speaking peoples -- Mongols,
  Manchus, Uralo-Altaic peoples Finns and
  Hungarians.

14
Central Asia and China

• Central Asia and China (northern China except for
  the Mongols (Yuan) and Manchus (Qing) dynasties
• Xiongnu (Turkic Mongols) 3-5 C BC- 2C AD
• Tuoba (proto-Turks) 5C
• Rouran (Mongols) 5-6 C.
• Qidans (Mongols) 10-12C.
• Jurchens (Manchus) 12-13C.
• Yuan dynasty (Mongols)
• Oirots (Mongols) 15C.
• Qing dynasty (Manchus) 17C.
• Oirots (Mongols) 17C.

15
Sites of Nomadic InvasionsEurope

• Europe (mainly Russia, central Europe and the
  Balkans)
• Middle East (Mainly Iran, Afganistan, Asia Minor,
  Mesopotamia), Egypt (and Syria) remain under
  Mamluk control (13-16C) military slaves mostly
  Turkish speaking.
• India -- the Hephthalite Huns White Huns --
  (480) destroyed the Gupta empire Babur, driven
  out of Samarkand by the Uzbeks, created the
  Mughal dynasty (1525-1857).
• China (northern China except for the Mongol and
  Manchu dynasties)
• Origin of Huns disputed some say they are
  descended of the Xiongnu but others question
  this.

16
Periods of Nomadic Invasions

• First Phase
• Groups of Iranian origin (Sythians, Sarmatians,
  Alans from the 8C BC- 2C AD -- the Turkish
  speaking element gradually occupied western
  central Asia (Turkistan) and eliminated or
  assimilated the Iranian element.
• Manchus
• Uralo-Altaic peoples Finns and Hungarians
• Second Phase
• The Xiongnu (Turkic-Mongols) occupy greater
  Mongolia.
• Active against China from 4th C BC.
• They form an empire in the 3rd-2nd C BC.
• The Xiongnu drive the Yuezhi(Indo-Europeans)
  westward in 2 C BC.
• The Yuezhi founded the Kushan empire (1st C
  BC-2nd C AD) from Iran to India.
• Ancestors of Turkic speaking peoples Mongols

17
Periods of Nomadic Invasions (2)

• Third Phase
• In the 4th-5th centuries, the nomads of Central
  Asia flood over the entire world theater.
• The Tuoba (4C) overran northern China and founded
  the Northern Wei dynasty (368-534).
• The Rouran (4C) was a standing threat to the
  Northern Wei.
• Expansion of Black Huns (5C) towards the Near
  East and Western Europe.
• The Hephthalite (White) Huns -- displaced the
  Sythians and conquered Sogdiana before 425 then
  drove towards the Gupta empire (India) which they
  destroyed, and ravaged Iran.
• Fourth Phase
• Tujue defeats Rouran (6-7C) which soon
  disintegrates.
• Tuhue allied with the Sassanids, they annihilate
  the Hephthalite (White) Huns then alliend with
  Byzantium against the Sassanids.
• China fights Tujue.
• In the 6C and the following two centuries, the
  Avars (Rouran?) attack the Byzantine empire and
  Russia and conquer Hungary where they partly
  succeed in establishing themselves.
• They end up being crushed in the 9th century by
  the Carolingians.

18
Periods of Nomadic Invasions (3)

• The Bulgars, emerging from central Asia, cross
  the Danube (5th C) some become Slavized and
  clashed heavily with the Byzantium Empire
  another section of the Bulgars settle on the
  Volga.
• The Khazar Turks (7C) in western Asia and the
  Uighur Turks in the east form states.
• One of the Khazar Khaghans converts to Judaism,
  allies with the Byzantium the Uighur converts to
  Manichaeism, often allies with China.
• Fifth Phase
• The 10-11C was a time of turbulence in the
  steppes of Central Asia, doubtless for
  demographic reasons, and nomad waves pour out in
  all directions.
• The Qidan took northern China (10C) and founded
  the Liao.
• The Seljukid Turks occupied Iran as far as the
  border with India (11C) and penetrate into
  Anatolia.
• The Pechenegs clash with the Byzantine empire and
  Kievan Russia (11C).
• Soon they are followed by the Kipchaks who are
  unable to overcome the Byzantine Empire and
  harass Kievan Russia.
• Pressure from the Turkish speakers, first the the
  Ghaznavids (10C) in eastern Iran, is soon felt as
  far as northern India.
• Establishment of the Mamluk sultanate of Delhi
  (1206).

19
Periods of Nomadic Invasions (4)

• From Manchuria, the Jurchen conquer northern
  China (12C) while a sector of the Qidans flee and
  found the empire of Qara Qidan further west
  (12C).
• Sixth Phase
• Mongols form the largest international empire in
  history (13-14C) -- all the areas held by the
  nomads, as well as much of the Eurasian continent
  come under their domination.
• Timur (Tamerlane) extends the heritage of Genghis
  Khan in his own way, but after his death (1405),
  his successors are unable to retain it for long.
• His direct descendant, Babur, conquers India in
  1525 and founds the Mughal dynasty (1526-1857)
  Last sultan exiled to Burma by the British in
  1862.
• At its greatest territorial extent ruled most of
  the Indian subcontinent then known as Hindustan
  and parts of what is now Afghanistan and
  Pakistan.
• Seventh Phase
• The decline of the warrior nomad societies in
  central Asia from mid-16C - mid-18 C.
• China is conquered by the Manchus (1644).
• The khanate of the Crimea is annexed in 1783 and
  the Manchus defeated the Oirot Mongols in the mid
  18-19C.

20
Nomad Empires of Central Asia

• 6-2 C BC Scythian empire (Iranians)
• 3-2 C BC Xiongnu (Turkic Mongols)
• 1-s C AD Xianbei Empire (Mongols)
• 4-6 C Rouran (Mongols)
• 6C (552-c.582) Tujue (Turkic)
• 6-7C Division into Eastern Turks (582-657)
  Western Turks (582-630)
• 7-8C Second Khaghnate of the Eastern Turks
  (682-744)
• 7-9 C Tibetan expansion in central Asia zenith
  of the Tibetan empire (755-797) Collapse of
  the Tibetan empire (842).
• 8-10C Uighur (Turkic), Manichaean by religion
  (740-840), destroyed by the Kirghiz (Turks).
• 840-924 Kirghiz empire of Mongolia.
• 1130/1135-1211 Empire of the Qara-Khitai
  (Mongols, Buddhist by religion).
• 13-14 C Ghenghiskhanid empire
• 15-16C Uzbek (Turkic) empire founded by Abul
  Khayr (1428-1468) consolidated by Sgaybani
  Khan (1451-1510)
• 15C First Oirot Empire (Mongols) reaching its
  zenith (1439-1455)
• 15 C Second Oirot empire-- declined after
  attacks from the Manchu emperors (1699).

21
Course Description

• For about half of recorded history, China was
  ruled either in part or wholly by peoples of
  non-Han origin from Central/Central Asia.
• The course will look at
• The history of these peoples.
• Their interest in China -- conquest or economic
  exploitation.
• Sincization/Sinicization/sinification (hanhua ??)
  or Barbarization (yihua ??)?
• What is Chineseness?
• The role of women during alien dynasties.
• The degree of power exercised by palace women.
• The way these dynasties coped with palace women
  and maternal relatives.
• Students will learn about the relationships of
  the peoples of Central/Central Asian peoples and
  their contributions to China and stimulate better
  understanding of the migrations of peoples,
  especially that of the nomads of Central/Central
  Asia.

22
Course Goals

• Why is it important to be more knowledgeable
  about Central Asia?
• In the post-Cold War era, Central Asia is an area
  struggling to achieve a sense of national
  identity.
• It is a mess of historical cultural influences,
  tribal and clan loyalties, and religious fervor
  and so prone to instability and conflicts.
• Influence in the area is no longer just Russia,
  but also Turkey, Iran, China, Pakistan, India and
  the United States.
• China, already controlling Xinjiang (Eastern
  Turkistan) and Tibet is an important power in the
  region, especially in energy/oil politics.
• China is also concerned about the possibility of
  the independence of these peoples from the Soviet
  Union will encourage independence movement of the
  same peoples within China.
• Russia continues to dominate political
  decision-making throughout the Caucasus, and
  former Soviet republics.
• As these countries shed their post-Soviet
  authoritarian systems, Russia's influence is
  slowly being reduced.
• Turkey has some influence because of the ethnic
  and linguistic ties with the Turkic peoples of
  Central Asia, as well as serving as one of the
  oil pipeline routes to the Mediterranean.

23
Course Goals (2)

• Iran, the seat of historical empires which
  controlled parts of Central Asia, has historical
  and cultural links to the region, and is vying to
  construct an oil pipeline from the Caspian Sea to
  the Persian Gulf.
• Pakistan, a large and nuclear-armed state, helped
  to sustain Taliban rule in Afghanistan, and is
  capable of exercising some influence.
• For some Central Asian nations, the shortest
  route to the ocean is through Pakistan.
• Pakistan needs natural gas from Central Asia, and
  supports the development of pipelines from its
  countries.
• India, as a nuclear-armed rising power, exercises
  some influence in the region, especially in Tibet
  as it has cultural affinities.
• India is also perceived as a potential
  counterweight to China's regional power.
• The United States with its military involvement
  in the region, and oil diplomacy, is also
  significantly involved in the region's politics.

24
Course Format

• The course is in seminar format with both the
  instructor and students doing presentations and
  leading discussions.
• Lectures on the topics will be chronological as
  well as topical.
• Each lecture will be a discrete entity,
  complete in itself.
• The lectures will give the historical backgrounds
  and the stories of the men and women who lived
  during those times.
• Lecture notes and biographies of women will be
  available on the website for students reference.
• Student participation and discussion during class
  is expected.
• The tutorial will be in presentation, discussion
  and report format with the topics based on
  lectures and readings.
• The Tutor will also advise the students on
  research for their Final Project.

25
Student Assessment

• Final Project 40
• Oral presentation in PowerPoint which is then
  converted into term paper
• Class participation 30
• Quiz 15
• Paper on Chapter or Book Review 15
• Tutorial 30

26
Student Assessment Final Project Converted to
Written Paper 40

• Students work in groups on a final project which
  is then presented to class in PowerPoint about
  topic within the course.
• The student will identify his/her part within the
  Project so that grades will be allotted
  individually.
• The presentation will then be converted and
  expanded into a written paper of no less than
  1,500 words.
• Examples of topics
• The histories of the different alien
  dynasties/kingdoms in China
• The biographies of the persons of historical
  importance (either male or female)
• Can be narrative, analytical, discussions of
  ethnicity or of women

27
Student Assessment Final Project (2)

• Deadlines
• Two possible topics handed in mid February for
  approval.
• Presentations begin March 1.
• Papers due April 12.
• Materials for use for preparation of presentation
  and paper
• English readings
• Lecture notes
• Dynastic Histories)
• Hui yao ??
• Zhao ling ??
• Zizhitongjian, Xu Zizhigongjian ???? ?????
• Houfei cidian ????
• Waiqi Zhuan ???

28
Student Assessment Final Project (3)

• The paper must conform to the following style
• Footnotes with page numbers.
• Bibliography
• Dates of person when first mentionedex
  (500-560) (r.500-560) (d.560) (b.500) (c.500)
• Romanization must be in correct pinyin (followed
  by Chinese term)
• For translation of titles use Hucker, Charles
  O., A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial
  China

29
Student Assessment Final Project and Paper
Example on Footnotes

• Dame of Rongguo (????), surnamed Guan (?),
  (1103-1175), died at the age of 72. She was the
  wife of Li Anjian (???)also known as Li Kuang
  (??) who assisted in the administration of the
  local government of Huiji (??) in present day
  Jiangsu (??).
• At that time, Qin Gui. (??), (1090-1155)1 was
  in power. He had the Emperors favor. Li was
  known for his uprightness and after he
  persistently criticized Qin in Lingnan (??), he
  was maligned and was exiled to Hainan (??).
• 1 Franke, Herbert, Sung Biographies, p. 241.

30
Student Assessment Final Project Example on
Bibliography

• Bibliography
• Barfield, Thomas. The perilous frontier nomadic
  empires and China .CambridgeBlackwell,1989.
• Tuotuo, Song-shi, (Beijing Zhonghua shuju
  Shanghai Xinhua shudian Shanghai faxingsuo
  faxing, 1977), 242/8612-6
• Wang, Cheng, Dongdu shilue (Taibei Wenhai
  chubanshe, 1971), 13/4b-5a Djang, Chu Djang,
  Jane C., trans., A Compilation of Anecdotes of
  Sung Personalities (Collegeville, Minn. St.
  Johns University Press, 1989) 24-32.

31
Class Participation

• Paper on Chapter or Book Review 15
• Paper should be written following same format as
  the term paper.
• Additional credit will be given for reviews that
  use other works on the same topic as the reading.
• Quiz 15
• Unannounced Quiz(es) will be given.
• Students absent from the class will not be able
  to make up for the missed quiz.

32
Tutorials (30 )

• 1)      Students are required to attend all the
  four tutorials .
• 2)      Students need to hand in a 500-word
  written report for each tutorial . The written
  report should be be put into Tutors mailbox in
  1/F Fung King Hey Building FIVE working days
  before the tutorial . Please do not hand in
  reports through email .
• 3)      Students can select either Topic 1 or 2
  international students may prefer to do Topic 1
  and local students may prefer to do Topic 2.
• 5) Arrangements of tutorials will be made
  after the add/drop periods.
• 5)      Should you have any enquiries, please
  feel free to contact Tutor .

33
Schedule of Courses

• Introduction
• Background
• The Xiongnu Federation
• The Xiongnu and the Sixteen Kingdoms
• Other non-Han kingdoms such as the Qiang/Di
• The Xianbei and its Kingdoms
• The Xianbei, the Rouran and the Northern
  Dynasties
• The Turks, the Uighurs and China
• The Qidans and the Liao Dynasty
• The Jurchens and the Jin Dynasty
• The Tunguts and the Xi Xia
• The Mongols and the Yuan
• The Manchus and the Qing
• Ethnicity and Women in Alien Dynasties

34
Background

• Barfield, Thomas, The Perilous Frontier, Ch. 1,
  Introduction, pp. 1-8 16-28 OR
• Challiand, Gerard, Nomadic Empires From Mongolia
  to the Danube, 2004, pp105-124. OR
• Pulleyblank, Edwin G., Central Asia and
  Non-Chinese Peoples of Ancient China, Part IV,
  411-466. OR
• Sinor, Denis, Cambridge History of Early Asia,
  Ch. 2, 3.

35
The Xiongnu Federation

• Barfield, Thomas, The Perilous Frontier, Ch.
  2, "The Xiongnu Empire", Ch. 3, The collapse of
  Central Order, OR
• Sinor, Denis, Cambridge History of Early Asia, Ch
  5, pp 118-149 OR
• Sinor, Denis, Central Asia, a Syllabus, The
  Xiongnu, Ch. 11.

36
The Xiongnu and the Sixteen Kingdoms

• Barfield, Thomas, The Xiongnu Confederacy
  Organization and Foreign Policy, Journal of
  Asian Studies, Vol 41, No. 1, Nov, 1981, pp
  45-61 OR
• Eberhard, Wolfram, Conquerors and Rulers, Ch. 4
  Formation of a new dynasty Ch. 5 Problems of
  Nomadic rule. OR
• Sinor, Denis, Central Asia, a Syllabus, The
  Xiongnu, Ch. 12.

37
Other non-Han kingdoms such as the Qiang/Di

• Barfield, Thomas, The Perilous Frontier, Ch. 3,
  The collapse of Central Order, pp. 101-10 OR
• Holcombe, Charles, In the Shadow of the Han, Ch
  2, Refugee State A Brief Chronicle of the
  Eastern Chin, pp 25-33 OR
• Kleeman, Terry F., Great Perfection, pp 87-107
  OR pp 117-210.

38
The Xianbei and its Kingdoms

• Barfield, Thomas, The Perilous Frontier, Ch. 3,
  The collapse of Central Order, pp. 101-10 OR
• Holcombe, Charles, In the Shadow of the Han, Ch
  2, Refugee State A Brief Chronicle of the
  Eastern Chin, pp 25-33. OR
• Sinor, Denis, Central Asia, a Syllabus, Ch 12.

39
The Xianbei, the Rouran and the Northern
Dynasties

• Barfield, Thomas, The Perilous Frontier, Ch 4
  pp131-163 OR
• Klein, Kenneth Douglas, The contributions of the
  fourth century Xianbei States to the
  Reunification of the Chinese Empire OR
• Sinor, Denis, Sending princesses to nomads,
  Uighur Empire in Studies in Medieval Central
  Asia, Part V.

40
The Turks, the Uighurs and China

• Barfield, Thomas, The Perilous Frontier, Ch 4
  pp131-163 OR
• Di Cosmo, Nicola, Warfare in Central Asian
  History (500-1800), pp73-96.OR
• Sinor, Denis, Sending princesses to nomads,
  Uighur Empire in Studies in Medieval Central
  Asia, Part V, pp18-1 OR
• Drompp, Michael, The Uighur Chinese Conflict of
  840-848, in Di Cosmo, Nicola, Warfare in Central
  Asian History (500-1800), pp73-96. OR
• Sinor, Denis, Central Asia, a Syllabus, Ch. 13-14.

41
The Qidans and the Liao Dynasty

• Barfield, Thomas, The Perilous Frontier, pp
  164-176 OR
• Holmgren, Jennifer, Marriage, Kinship and
  Succession under the Chi-tan Rulers of the Liao
  Dynasty (907-1125) in Marriage, Kinship and Power
  in Northern China, Part V, pp 44-91. OR
• Sinor, Denis, Central Asia, a Syllabus, Liao

42
The Jurchens and the Jin Dynasty

• Barfield, Thomas, The Perilous Frontier,, pp
  177-186, OR
• Chan, Hok-lam, Legitimation in Early China,
  discussions under the Jurchen-Chin dynasty
  (1115-1234), Ch. 2.
• Franke, Herbert and Chan, Hok-lam, Studies on the
  Jurchens and the Jin Dynasty,
• Tao, Jing-shen. The Jurchen in twelfth-century
  China study of sinicization. Seattle University
  of Washington Press, 1976, pp38-52,68-84.

43
The Tunguts and the Xi Xia

• Twitchett, Denis Fairbank, John K., The
  Cambridge History of China The Alien Dynasties,
  (v6). pp 189-214 (Chinese edition available).
• Chinese translation available.

44
The Mongols and the Yuan

• Barfield, Thomas, The Perilous Frontier,, Ch. 6,
  "The Mongol Empire, pp 164-222 OR
• Chan, Hok-lam, China and the Mongols history
  and legend under the Yuän and Ming. OR
• Sinor, Denis, Central Asia, a Syllabus, Ch 20-24
  OR
• Holmgren, Jennifer, Observations on Marriage and
  Inheritance Practices in Early Mongol and Yuan
  Society with particular reference to the
  Levirate in Marriage, Kinship and Power in
  Northern China, Part III, pp 127-192.

45
The Manchus and the Qing

• Barfield, Thomas, The Perilous Frontier, Ch. 7,
  "Steppe Wolves and Forest Tigers," pp.  250-294
  OR
• Pamela Crossley, Thinking about Ethnicity in
  Early Modern China, Late Imperial China 11.1
  (1990) OR
• Rawski, Evelyn S., Imperial Women in The Last
  Emperors, pp. 127-159 OR
• Lee, Lily Xiao and Stefanowska, A.D.,
  Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women The
  Qing Period, 1644-1911.

46
Ethnicity and Women in Alien Dynasties

• Ebrey, Patricia, Women and the Family in Chinese
  History, pp 165-176pp 165-176 OR
• Holcombe, Charles, The Genesis of East Asia,
  221BC-907AD, The Sinicization of China, pp
  18-173 OR
• Rawski, Evelyn S., Reenvisioning the Qing,
  Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 55, No. 4, Nov.,
  1996, 829-850 OR
• Ho, Ping-ti, In Defense of Sinicization,
  Journal of Asian Studies, 57.1, 1998, pp.
  123-155 OR
• Billy So, Negotiating Chinese Identity in Five
  Dynasties Narratives From the Old History to the
  New History, in Billy K. L. So et al. eds.,
  Power and Identity in the Chinese World Order
  Festschriften In Honour of Professor Wang Gungwu
  (Hong Kong University Press, 2003) OR
• Imperial marriage in the Native Chinese and
  non-Han State, Han to Ming in Holmgren,
  Jennifer, Marriage, Kinship and Power in Northern
  China OR
• Same Chapter in Watson, Rubie S. Ebrey,
  Patricia Buckley, ed., Marriage and Inequality in
  Chinese Societies, pp 58-90.

47
Major Readings

• Barfield, Thomas, The Perilous Frointer
• Chan, Hok-lam, China and the Mongols history
  and legend under the Yuän and Ming
• Chan, Hok-lam, Legitimation in Early China,
  discussions under the Jurchen-Chin dynasty
  (1115-1234).
• Crossley, Pamela, Thinking about Ethnicity in
  Early Modern China, Late Imperial China 11.1
  (1990)
• Crossley, Pamela, Thinking about Ethnicity in
  Early Modern China, Late Imperial China 11.1
  (1990)
• Di Cosmo, Nicola, Warfare in Central Asian
  History (500-1800)
• Franke, Herbert and Chan, Hok-lam, Studies on the
  Jurchens and the Jin Dynasty
• Ebrey, Patricia, Women and the Family in Chinese
  History, pp 165-176pp 165-176 OR
• Ho, Ping-ti, In Defense of Sinicization,
  Journal of Asian Studies, 57.1, 1998, pp. 123-155
  Holcombe, Charles, The Genesis of East Asia,
  221BC-907AD
• Holcombe, Charles, In the Shadow of the Han
• Holmgren, Jennifer, Marriage, Kinship and Power
  in Northern China.

48
Major Readings (2)

• Kleeman, Great Perfection (16 Kingdoms)
• Lee, Lily Xiao and Stefanowska, A.D.,
  Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women The
  Qing Period, 1644-1911
• Poon, Kwok Kin (Dissertation), The Northern Wei
  State and the Juan-Juan Nomadic Tribe (A Summary)
• Rawski, Evelyn S., Reenvisioning the Qing,
  Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 55, No. 4, Nov.,
  1996, 829-850
• Rawski, Evelyn S., The Last Emperors
• Sinor, Denis, Central Asia, a Syllabus
• Sinor, Denis, The Cambridge history of Early
  Central Asia
• Sinor, Denis, Uighur Empire in Studies in
  Medieval Central Asia
• So, Billy, Power and Identity in the Chinese
  World Order Festschriften In Honour of Professor
  Wang Gungwu (Hong Kong University Press, 2003).
• Twitchett, Denis Fairbank, John K., The
  Cambridge History of China The Alien Dynasties
• Watson, Rubie S. Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, ed.,
  Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Societies

49
Next Week

• Readings
• Barfield, Thomas, The Perilous Frontier, Ch. 1,
  Introduction, pp. 1-8 16-28
• OR
• Sinor, Denis, Cambridge History of Early Asia,
  Ch. 2, pp19-40
• OR
• Pulleyblank, Edwin G., Central Asia and
  Non-Chinese Peoples of Ancient China, Part IV,
  411-466.