Automated Analysis of Human Factors Requirements

1
Automated Analysis of Human Factors Requirements

• Jan M. Allbeck
• Norman I. Badler
• Center for Human Modeling and Simulation
• University of Pennsylvania

2
Introduction to work in progress

• Human factors analyses is often laborious.
• Use digital human models to automate the process
  of requirements checking of designs.
• Framework using PAR to represent and store design
  requirements.
• Link requirements to analyzers that use digital
  humans.
• Report successes, warnings, and failures.
• Less effort setting up and running repeated
  analyses on designs.

3
Related Work HFE and Guidelines

• Much work in analyzers reach and grasp,
  visibility, postures, accommodation, foot pedal
  operation, etc.
• Numerous guidelines, regulations, and
  requirements
• American Bureau of Shipping Guidelines
• NASA STD-3000
• FAA The Human Factors Design Standard
• http//hfetag.dtic.mil/hfs_docs.html
• Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and
  Regulations

4
ABS Table
5
Natural Collision-free Reach
6
Operational Reach
7
Related Work

• Representations for ECAs.
• Instructional agents.
• Natural language processing.
• 7 basic actions (Ianni 1999)
• Smart Objects (Kallmann and Thalmann 1998)
• WordsEye (Coyne and Sproat 2001)
• PDM/PLM

8
Parameterized Action Representation

• Natural language and animation intermediary
• Applications VET, ATOV, ACUMEN
• Action and Object representations
• Stored in Hierarchies
• Level of Detail
• Uninstantiated and instantiated

9
Action Representation

• type parameterized action
• (name STRING
• participants agent-and-objects
• applicability conditions BOOLEAN-expression
• preparatory specification sequence
  conditions- and-actions
• termination conditions BOOLEAN-expression
• post assertion STATEMENT
• during conditions STATEMENT
• purpose purpose-specification
• subactions par-constraint-graph
• parent action parameterized action

10
Action Representation cont.

• type parameterized action
• previous action parameterized action
• concurrent action parameterized action
• next action parameterized action
• start time-specification
• duration time-specification
• priority INTEGER
• data ANY-TYPE
• kinematics kinematics-specification
• dynamics dynamics-specification
• manner manner-specification
• adverbs sequence adverb-specification
• failure failure-data).

11
Object Representation

• type object representation
• (name STRING is agent BOOLEAN
• properties sequence property-specification
• status status-specification posture
  posture-specification
• location obj rep contents sequence obj
  rep.
• capabilities sequence par
• relative directions sequence relative-dir-specif
  ication
• special directions sequence special-dir-specific
  ation
• sites sequence site-type-specification
• bounding volume bounding-volume-specification
  
• coordinate system site
• position vector velocity vector
  acceleration vector orientation vector
• data ANY-TYPE).

12
Example
While driving turn on the air conditioning.
13
Object Representation

• air_button_0
• Part_of climate_unit_0
• Parts joint_0
• Purpose toggle(air_conditioning_0)
• Capabilities push
• Site push_site
• Status on, off
• Posture pushed joint_0 -2.0

14
Action Representation (low level)

• push
• Participants driver_0, air_button_0
• Prep. Spec. reachable(air_button_0),
  locomote(agent_0, air_button_0)
• Term. Cond. air_button_0. posture pushed
• Post. Assert. air_botton_0.status !status
• Failures not reachable, broken button, etc.

15
Action Representation (high level)

• While driving, turn on the air conditioning.
• Drive(car_0, location_0) parallel_0
• Operate(foot_pedal_0) parallel_1, while_0
• Steer(car_0) parallel_1, while_0
• View(road_0) while_0
• Turn_on(air_cond_0) parallel_0
• Turn(air_knob_0) sequential_0
• Push(air_button_0) sequential_1

16
Framework
17
Reports
18
Thank you
19
Human Factors Engineering

• Physical and psychological interactions of humans
  with environments.
• Analyses check designs to optimize safety and
  performance.
• Analysis can focus on a generic product, specific
  environment or object, or aspects of a particular
  design.
• Requirements, regulations, guidelines.

20
Human Factors Engineering

• Positioning and comfort
• Visibility
• Ingress and egress
• Reaching and grasping
• Foot pedal operation
• Multi-person interaction
• User maintenance
• Strength assessment
• Fatigue/Recovery Time Analysis
• Working posture analysis

• Test fit and accommodation
• Lower back spinal force analysis
• Static strength prediction
• NIOSH Lifting analysis
• Predetermined Time Analysis MTM-1
• Rapid upper arm assessment
• Metabolic Energy Expenditure
• Manual Handling limit

From Tecnomatrix website.
21
Guidelines

• American Bureau of Shipping Guidelines
• NASA STD-3000
• FAA The Human Factors Design Standard
• Human Engineering Design Approach Document -
  Maintainer
• Armys MANPRINT
• DoD Human Engineering Design Data Digest
• http//hfetag.dtic.mil/hfs_docs.html

22
Related Work HFE

• Commercial products Jack, RAMSIS, DELMIA, etc.
• Task Simulation Builder (Raschke et al)
• Change layout and figures.
• Fill in needed actions.
• User interface.
• Research Chaffin, Delleman, Santos, MIDAS,
  Maida, LMCO, etc.
• SAE International

23
Extended Example


From ATOV slides
24
Object Representations

• power_supply_0
• Part_of F22_0
• Rel. Dir. top, bottom, left, right
• connector_0connector_4
• Part_of F22_0
• Parts joint_0, joint_1
• Purpose connect(power_supply_0, x)
• Capabilities disconnect, grasp, push, rotate,
  pull
• Grasp sites located on connectors
• Approach vector vector
• Status connected, disconnected
• Postures pushed joint_0 -0.5,
• closed joint_1 0, opened joint_1 90 

25
Action Representation

• Disconnect(Bayonet _connector)
• Participants agent_0, con_0
• Preparatory Spec. grasping(con_0),
  grasp(agent_0, con_0)
• Subactions Push until pushed
• Rotate until opened
• Pull until disconnected
• Failures not reachable, not graspable, unable
  to turn, unable to identify,

26
Framework
27
Distribute the Wealth
28
Pre-preprocessing
29
Preprocessing
30
User Interaction
31
Load Models
32
Create iPARs
33
Five top electric connectors
34
Digital Human Brain
35
Digital Human Body
36
Distribute Complexity Querying and Updating
37
Results
38
Existing Components
39
Contributions

• Developing a framework for establishing databases
  of human factors requirements.
• Creating procedures for testing those
  requirements against varying designs in an
  automated fashion using digital humans.
• Representing requirements as parameterized
  actions in concert with an object representation.
• Demonstrating the viability of this approach on
  real data.

40
Not Focusing On

• Tagging geometric features.
• Building of analyzers.
• Autonomous agents.
• GUI development.

41
Prototype Examples

• Simple geometry calculation (ABS)
• Posture or positioning
• Visibility
• Reaching and grasping
• Complex maintenance task

42
7 Basic Actions

• Position, Touch, Get, Put, Lookat, Usetool,
  Operate
• Failure codes Success states, Warnings Danger
  messages, Programming errors, and Task failures.

43
ABS Table
44
TSB

• Natural instruction interface
• Simulation automaticity
• Refinement and reuse of actions
• Immediate erogonmic reporting
• Expandability
• In development
• Not representing or processing requirements