Title: Wildlife Management
1Wildlife Management
- By Larry Stine
- Estherville Lincoln Central High School
Modified by Georgia Agricultural Education
Curriculum Office June 2002
2Competencies
- define wildlife terms
- identify characteristics of wildlife
- describe relationships between wildlife and
humans - understand relationships with humans
- describe classifications of wildlife
- identify approved practices
- discuss future of wildlife in the U.S.
3Terms to Know
- Wildlife
- Habitat
- Vertebrate
- Predators
- Prey
- Parasitism
4Terms to Know
- Warm-blooded animals
- Mutualism
- Predation
- Commensalism
- Competition
- Wetlands
5In the early years....
- Wildlife provided the bulk of food available
- Supplies seemed exhaustible
- Humans destroyed wildlife habitat
6Characteristics of Wildlife
- All vertebrate animals are wildlife
- Vertebrates-animals with backbones
- Have many of the same characteristics as humans
- growth processes
- laws of heredity
- general cell structure
7Environment without control
- Must adapt or perish
- Possess senses for protection from predators
- Avoid overpopulation
8Wildlife Relationships
- Parasitism
- Mutualism
- Predation
- Commensalism
- Competition
9Parasitism
- Relationship between two organisms, either plants
or animals, in which one feeds on the other
without killing it. - Parasites can be internal or external
10Mutualism
- Two types of animals that live together for
mutual benefit - There are many examples of mutualism in the
wildlife community
11Predation
- When one animal eats another animal
- Is important in controlling populations of
wildlife
12Commensalism
- A Plant or animal that lives in, on, or with
another, sharing its food, but not helping or
harming it - One species is helped, but the other is neither
helped or harmed
13Competition
- When different species of wildlife compete for
the same - food supply
- nesting sites
- breeding sites
- One species may increase in numbers while the
other declines
14Relationships Between Wildlife and Humans
- Biological
- Ecological
- Economic
- food
- clothing
- shelter
15Six Positive Values
- Commercial
- Recreational
- Biological
- Aesthetic
- Scientific
- Social
16Commercial
- Sale of wildlife or wildlife products
- Raising of animals for
- hunting
- fishing
17Recreational
- Hunting and Fishing
- Watching
- Photographing
18Biological
- Value of the biological relationship between
humans and wildlife is difficult to measure - Examples
- Pollination of crops
- Soil Improvement
- Water conservation
- Control of parasites
19Aesthetic
- Refers to beauty
- Is not measurable in economic terms
- Can contribute to the mental well-being of the
human race
20Scientific
- Often benefits humans
- Has existed since the beginning of time
- Early humans watched wild animals to determine
which plants and berries were safe to eat
21Social
- Difficult to measure
- Wildlife has the ability to enhance the value of
their surroundings just by their presence - Provide humans the opportunity for variety in
outdoor recreation, hobbies, and adventure
22Classifications of Wildlife Management
- Farm
- Forest
- Wetlands
- Stream
- Lakes and Ponds
23Farm Wildlife
- Probably the most visible wildlife management
classification - Includes
- development of fence rows
- minimum tillage
- improvement of woodlots
- controlled hunting
24Forest Wildlife
- More difficult to manage
- Planned so that timber and wildlife can exist at
desired populations and possibly be harvested - Includes population controls to prevent habitat
destruction
25Wetlands Wildlife
- Most productive wildlife management area
- Includes all areas between dry upland and open
water - Includes
- marshes
- swamps
- bogs
26Stream Wildlife
- Often a difficult task
- Water pollution and the need for clean water for
a growing human population continue to increase
at a rapid pace
27Lake and Pond Wildlife
- Normally easier than in streams
- Concerns include
- population levels
- oxygen levels
- pollutants
- availability of food resources
28Approved Practices - Farm Wildlife
- Usually a by-product of farming
- Little attention usually given by the farmer
except when cause crop damage or financial loss - Management involves providing habitat
- Timing of operations is important
- Planting crops attractive to wildlife
- Providing water during dry periods
29Approved Practices - Forest Wildlife
- Types and numbers of wildlife differs with
- type and age of the trees
- natural forest openings
- types of vegetation on the forest floor
- presence of natural predators
- Management is geared towards increases numbers of
desired species of wildlife - If desired populations are present the goal is to
maintain those populations
30Approved Practices - Wetland Wildlife
- No area of American land is more important
- Are constantly changing
- Provide food, nesting sites, and cover
- Ducks and geese are the most economically
important types of wildlife that need wetlands - Other types include woodcock, pheasants, deer,
bears, milk, muskrats, and raccoons
31Approved Practices - Stream Wildlife
- Two general categories
- warm water
- cold water
- Based on water temperature at which the wildlife,
primarily fish, can best grow and thrive - Little difference in managing the two types
- In general, fish are the type of stream wildlife
that is managed
32Approved Practices - Stream Wildlife
- Maintenance of population levels is important
- Removal of unwanted species by
- netting
- poisoning
- electric shocking
- Artificial rearing and stocking
- Regulations of sport fishing
33Approved Practices - Lake and Pond Wildlife
- Very similar to managing stream wildlife
- Pollution must be controlled
- Populations must be monitored and harvesting
controlled - Differences include
- oxygen levels are critical in the summer
- water temperatures are more variable
- may have to drain to remove unwanted species
34Future of Wildlife in the U.S.
- A bright future is not ensured for all species
- Human population continues to compete
- Outlook is not bleak, however
- Humans have recognized the ability to coexist
- Humans are working to clean-up the environment
- Parks and wildlife refuges are increasing in
numbers