The Language of Language Study:

1
The Language of Language Study

• Terms and Meaning

2
Phonology

• The sounds of a language
• The study of the sounds of language
• Phoneticsspeech sounds themselves
• Phonemicssounds of a language as contrasting
  members of a system the individual sounds in
  the system are called phonemes.

3
Morphology

• The arrangement and relationships of the smallest
  meaningful units in a language.
• The smallest meaningful units are called
  morphemes.
• Free morphemes are words.
• Bound morphemes are affixesthat is, sounds added
  to words which alter meaning or function.

4
Morphology (continued)

• Different forms of the same morpheme are
  allomorphs.
• A different classification distinguishes
• Lexical morphemesrefer to things or qualities or
  actions in real existence (Open class words)
• Function morphemessignal language relationships
  (Closed class words)

5
Syntax

• The ways in which words may be arranged word
  order.

6
Lexicon

• An inventory
• free morphemes
• bound morphemes
• the list of all the morphemes in the language.

7
Semantics

• The study of the meanings expressed by a
  language.
• Meanings change
• By generalization and by narrowing
• By amelioration and by pejoration
• By strengthening and by weakening
• By abstraction and by concretization
• By shift in denotation
• By shift in connotation

8
Graphics

• The systematic representation of language in
  writing.
• Single unit in the system is a grapheme.
• A grapheme may represent
• A sound
• A syllable
• An entire word
• Or meaning without reference to any of these