By Dana Richmond and Taylor Ryan

1
History and Approaches to Psychology

• Chapter 1
• By Dana Richmond and Taylor Ryan

2
Introspection

• Wilhelm Wundt set up the first psychological
  laboratory
• Structuralism-idea that the mind operates by
  combining subjective emotions and objective
  sensations.
• William James published The Principles of
  Psychology-sciences first textbook
• James theory is called functionalism

3
Gestalt Psychology

• This type of psychology examines a persons total
  experience because the way we experience the
  world is more than just perceptual experiences.
• Max Wertheimer-argued against dividing human
  thought and behavior into discrete structures.
• Gestalt psychology has little influence on
  current psychology.

4
Psychoanalysis

• Sigmund Freud-used his psychoanalytic theory.
• He discovered the unconscious mind-which is when
  we do not have conscious control that determines
  how we think and behave.
• Repression-the pushing down into the unconscious
  events and feelings that cause anxiety and
  tension that our conscious mind cannot deal with.
• Freuds theories are known as unscientific and
  unverifiable.

5
Behaviorism

• John Watson- studied pioneering conditioning
  experiments of Ivan Pavlov.
• Watson wanted to establish behaviorism as
  dominant paradigm of psychology.
• Stimuli- behavior and causes of behavior
  (environmental events)
• Responses- physical reactions
• B.F. Skinner- idea of Reinforcement
  environmental stimuli that either encourage or
  discourage certain responses.

6
Multiple Perspectives

• Psychologists look at thought and behavior from
  different perspectives.
• There is no one way of thinking about human
  thought and behavior.
• Psychologists describe themselves as Eclectic
  drawing from multiple perspectives.

7
Psychological Perspectives

• Humanist perspective Abraham Maslow and Carl
  Rogers-individual choice and free will.
• Psychoanalytic Perspective-unconscious mind-part
  of our mind that we have no control over.
  (thought and action)
• Biopsychology Perspective-explain human thought
  and behavior in term of biological processes.
  Cognition and reactions caused by effects of
  genes, hormones, and neurotransmitters.
• Behavioral Perspective-explain human thought and
  behavior in terms of conditioning. Looks at
  observable behaviors (rewards and punishments)

8
Psychological Perspectives (continued)

• Evolutionary Perspective-examine human thoughts
  and actions in terms of natural selection.
• Cognitive Perspective-examine human thought and
  behavior in terms of how we interpret, process,
  and remember environmental events.
• Social-Cultural Perspective-look at how our
  thoughts and behaviors vary from people living in
  other cultures. Emphasize influence culture has
  on the way we think and act.