The binding energy of nucleus

1
The binding energy of nucleus
All masses here should be taken from experimental
measurements
Example of deuterium (bound state of Proton
Neutron)
2
Fusion reactions
Fission reactions
3
Start with H

• H H Does not exist
• How the Sun generates Energy
• 4 H 2 e --gt 4He 2 neutrinos 6 photons
• (happens in several steps).
• Davison E. Soper, Institute of Theoretical
  Science, University of Oregon, Eugene OR 97403
  USA soper_at_bovine.uoregon.edu

4
Step 1

• 1H 1H --gt 2H antielectron neutrino
• This step is nearly impossible.
• The protons repel each other because they both
  have 1 charge.
• One of the protons has to change into a neutron
  (emitting an anti-electron and neutrino).
• This requires a weak interaction.
• But the chance of this weak interaction happening
  just when the protons are together is almost
  zero.
• This near impossiblity has two consequences
• The gas must be very hot, so that the protons hit
  each other with high speed.
• This lets them get near to each other, even
  though they repel each other.
• Even so, the reaction is very rare. That is why
  the Sun is still burning after 4.6 billion years!
  

5
The Easiest Fusion reaction

• D T He (3 Mev) n (14 Mev)
• Requires the lowest Temperatures for any
  practical applications (gt 10 Mln K)
• 1)How to reach them?
• 2)How long to sustain them?

6
Advent of Fusion
E.Teller
Magnetic confinement to control Hot Plasma
Magnetized Diffusion
A.Sakharov
I.Tamm
7
1945-1995
8
Atoms for Peace (UN General Assembly,
December 1953)

"to.. solve the fearful atomic dilemma . and
..finding the way by which the miraculous inventiv
eness of man shall not be dedicate to his death,
but consecrated to his life".
9
The UN General Assembly in December 1954,
unanimously and enthusiastically adopted a
resolution which provided for the
establishment of International Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA), and for the holding of
International Technical Conference of
governments under the auspices of the
United Nations.
10
Geneva Conferences on Peaceful Uses of Atomic
Energy

• The First Geneva Conference, August 1955 (Fission
  Energy)
• The Second Geneva Conference, September 1-13,
  1958
• (2135 papers, 46 governments,
• six international organizations,
• 2692 participants).

11
Time magazine, Monday, Sep. 15, 1958

• Monster Conference
• The Second Geneva Conference on the Peaceful Uses
  of Atomic Energy which started last week, is
  probably the biggest scientific confab ever
• 5,000 scientists
• from 67 countries
• and 900 correspondents,
• thousands of atomic businessmen,... Geneva has
  6,500 hotel beds, but it was so jammed that some
  of the delegates were forced to bunk in Evian,
  France, 60 miles away.

12
Time magazine, Monday, Sep. 15, 1958
(Continuation)

• Tourists in Geneva hotels began getting get-out
  notices more than three weeks ago
• (exception the Emir of oil-drenched Qatar and
  his white-draped retinue)
• The Conference was notable for unaccustomed
  fraternization between scientists from Communist
  and non-Communist countries

13
L.Artsimovich
L.Spitzer
Tokamaks vs.
Stellarators