Nucleus

1
All of the following processes occur within
mitochondria except
A) the splitting of glucose. B) the formation of
citric acid. C) the catabolism of citric acid to
produce NADH, CO2, and H. D) the transfer
of electrons from NADH to the electron
transport chain. E) the reduction of oxygen to
form water.
2
In gylcolysis, a small amount of ATP is produced
by substrate level phosphorylation.
A) True B) False
3
T F Phosphorylation of ADP in the electron
transport chain is powered by the movement of
electrons through an ATP-synthase molecule.
4
Outline

1. What is DNA?
2. How does DNA code for proteins?
3. Human Genome Project

5
The plans for all proteins are encoded
This plan is called DNA
6
DNA Function

• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) serves as code for
  protein synthesis

7
DNA Function

• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) serves as code for
  protein synthesis
• Gene segment of DNA that codes for one
  polypeptide
• Genome - all the genes of one person

8
The Structure of DNA

• DNA is a polymer of __________
• ____________ consist of
• sugar
• phosphate group
• nitrogenous base

9
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA

• Adenine (A)
• Thymine (T)
• Cytosine (C)
• Guanine (G)

10
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA

• Adenine (A)
• Thymine (T)
• Cytosine (C)
• Guanine (G)

DNA has roughly equal quantities of A T, and
equal quantities of C G
11
Watson Crick revealed the structure of DNA.
12
What Does your DNA Look Like?
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What Does your DNA Look Like?
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DNA Structure

• DNA is a Double Helix
• Free Railed Spiral Staircase

1
2
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DNA Structure

• DNA is a Double Helix
• Free Railed Spiral Staircase
• Phosphate-sugar handrails
• Nitrogenous Base Pair steps

1
2
16
The Double Helix
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Complementary Base Pairing

• Nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds

18
Complementary Base Pairing

• Nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds
• Only certain bases can bond (AT and CG)

19
Complementary Base Pairing

• Nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds
• Only certain bases can bond (AT and CG)
• One strand determines base sequence of other
  strand

20
It has not escaped our notice that the specific
pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a
possible copying mechanism for the genetic
material. - Watson Crick, 1953, Nature
21
Structure of DNA

• What is a gene?
• Short segment of DNA
• 30,000 genes in your DNA
• Each gene codes for 1 protein

22
Structure of DNA

• Total length of 3 meters

23
Condensed vs Uncondensed DNA5 Steps
24
Packaging of DNA
1. DNA Almost never like this
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Packaging of DNA
Proteins
1. DNA Almost never like this
2. Chromatin Almost always like this
26
3. Chromatin coils
27
3. Chromatin Coils
4. Super-coiling
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Chromatid
5. Chromosome Colored Body
3. Chromatin Coiling
4. Super-coiling
29
Super-Coiling Chain Demonstration
30
The DNA Code

• Every 3 bases codon
• Codons
• Interact with Ribosome
• Bring Amino Acid X
• __________ order determines protein function

31
Discovering The Human Genome
1953 Watson Crick reveal structure of
DNA 1975 Developed method of sequencing DNA
1985 US Department of Energy explored the
possibility of learning the human genome 1990
Mapping of human genome begins
1998 Celera Genomics vows to discover entire
genome within 3 years!
32
Nerds in Competition
VS
NIH
Celera Genomics
33
Discovering The Human Genome
1953 Watson Crick reveal structure of
DNA 1975 Developed method of sequencing DNA
1985 US Department of Energy explored the
possibility of learning the human genome 1990
Mapping of human genome begins

• Celera Genomics vows to discover entire
  genome within 3 years!
• 2000 Teams publish joint rough draft of Human
  Genome

34
Our Genome Revealed to the World


Mr. President, that man is an idiot!
Whos that gorgeous lady sitting next to Hillary?

Oh yeah, I am going to be sooo rich.
Left to Right Craig Venter, President Bill
Clinton, Francis Collins
35
What have we learned already?

• Genes are scattered through the genome and
  surrounded by regions of Junk DNA

36
What have we learned already?

• Genes are scattered through the genome and
  surrounded by regions of Junk DNA
• Coding regions are rich in _____ pairs while junk
  DNA is rich in _____ pairs

37
What have we learned already?

• Genes are concentrated in random areas throughout
  the genome these areas are surrounded by vast
  regions of Junk DNA
• Coding regions are rich in _____ pairs while
  junk DNA is rich in _____ pairs
• Up to 30,000 G-C pairs bound the edges of coding
  regions, separating them from junk DNA

38
What is on the horizon?

• Identify risk for genetically-based diseases at
  birth

39
What is on the horizon?

• Identify risk for genetically-based diseases at
  birth
• Cure illnesses through Gene Therapy

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(No Transcript)
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What is Gene Therapy?

1. Take Cells



42
What is Gene Therapy?

1. Take Cells
Virus

2. Insert Gene


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What is Gene Therapy?

1. Take Cells
Virus

2. Insert Gene

3. Insert Virus
44
What is Gene Therapy?

1. Take Cells
Virus

2. Insert Gene

3. Insert Virus
4. Gene Inserted
45
What is Gene Therapy?

1. Take Cells
Virus
6. Synthesis
2. Insert Gene
5. Insert Cells
3. Insert Virus
4. Gene Inserted
46
What is on the horizon?

• Identify risk for genetically-based diseases at
  birth
• Cure illnesses through gene therapy
• Genetically-based prescription drug reaction
  testing

47
Pharmacogenetics