Ciliophora

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Ciliophora

• The ciliates get their name from the cilia that
  covers their body.
• Cilia are short hair-like projections that are
  used for movement.
• A paramecium is a common example of a ciliate

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• The paramecium has a pellicle, which is a folded
  outer layer that includes the cell membrane and
  other structures.
• The pellicle includes a structure called a
  trichocysts used as protection.
• When in danger, the trichocyst is used as a spike
  to damage the nearby cell.
• Most paramecium have two nuclei, a larger one and
  a smaller one.

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• The larger nucleus is called the macronucleus and
  the smaller is the micronucleus.
• A gullet is an indentation where the paramecium
  forces water through that may contain food.
• The food is them held in a package in the cell
  called a vacuole.
• After all usable food is removed from the
  vacuole, the vacuole merges with the cell wall
  and becomes an anal pore.

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• The paramecium used a pump system to remove extra
  water from inside the cell. This system is
  called a contractile vacuole.

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Zoomastigina

• This phylum use flagella to move through the
  water.
• Flagella are long whip-like structures.
• The zoomastigina usually get their food by
  absorbing it through the cell membrane.
• Zoomastigina live in lakes and ponds. Some are
  parasites, others are symbionts.

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• Organisms that use flagella are called
  flagellates.
• An example of a zoomastigina is Giardia.

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Sporozoa

• This phylum reproduces as spores. A sopre is a
  cell or group of cells enclosed in a protective
  coat.
• These cells can attach to live cells and live as
  a parasite by stealing food from the host cell.
• An example of a sporozoa is Plasmodium.

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• Plasmodium is the cause of the disease malaria.
• Malaria is spread by mosquitoes.
• An infected mosquito passes it on to humans when
  it bites by injecting saliva containing the
  spores.
• These spores invade human lever cells until the
  cells burst releasing more spores to infect red
  blood cells.

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• The red blood cells can be taken in by a
  noninfected mosquito infecting it and making it
  able to pass the disease on to someone else.