Homework III

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Homework III
due Monday, March 30 LEVEL 3 DRAFT (worth 10
points) 1. Title page DONE (with Abstract on
it) 2. Abstract is effectively DONE
Introduction is effectively DONE Motivation
is effectively DONE 3/4. ALL Sections have
some sentences 5/6. Discussion has a few
sentences 7/8. TWO Tables are formatted and
have columns identified 9/10. TWO Figures are
outlined with captions
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Student Presentations
APRIL 06 J Day 1. Jen 2. Jeremy 3. Justin 4.
Joe APRIL 08 5. Hannah 6. Noel 7. Richard 8.
Emily APRIL 13 9. Travis 10. Cassy 11.
Robert 12. Adric APRIL 15 13. Nic 14. Rachel 15.
Zhao 16. reserved for emergency
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Extrasolar Planets

• planets are faint
• Jupiter 10-9 (optical) to 10-4 (far IR) as bright
  as the Sun
• planet and star are close together
• at 10 pc, Jupiter 0.5 arcsec from Sun
• exozodiacal dust is a clouding problem

Like looking for a firefly, next to a lighthouse,
on a foggy night but, Jupiter pulls on the
Sun! 13 m/sec radial velocity half
amplitude 0.52 milliarcsec astrometric half
amplitude at 10 pc
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Sun Rules Our Solar System
Sun Rules Our Solar System
gt 99.5 of the mass gt 99.999 of the
light but planets have MASS Jupiter has
1/1000th mass of Sun planets have
SIZE Jupiter has 1/100th area of Sun
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Types of Objects
object mass radius
fuels
stars mass (minor tweaks for age, composition,
multiplicity) brown dwarfs mass age (changing
temperature, 2000 K ? 500 K) planets mass age
composition radiation environment
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Planet Detection Methods
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Planet Search Techniques
Indirect Methods technique what you get 1.
pulsar timing phot flash intervals orbit,
mass 2. radial velocities spec Doppler
velocities most orbital elements, min mass 3.
astrometry astr star wobble orbit, mass 4.
transits phot dips in light curve orbit, mass
(with RV), radius Direct Methods 5.
imaging phot take picture orbit, mass
Confirmation? transits astrometry followup
of radial velocity systems multiple objects in
a system some have gone away
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1. Pulsar Timing
pulsars spin incredibly regularly pulses of
light are timed using
photometry if pulse timing changes
something pulling on it 1992 first planets
discovered formed after star died?
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Pulsar Map
Voyagers note in a bottle gold plated copper
disk 14 pulsars give map to Earth Sagan et al.
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2. Radial Velocities
star moves toward/away from us spectroscopy used
to measure Doppler shift 95 of extrasolar
planets discovered this way Jupiters pull 13
m/sec Double Dirty Little Secret you cant get
the mass of the pulling object and must guess
the star mass
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Radial Velocity Curve
first definitive extrasolar planets discovered
pulsar planets! FIRST sub-brown dwarf mass
object not this one!
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Exoplanet Messes

• some listings have M gt 13 Mjup
• by current definition, HD 114762B remains first
  exoplanet
• Latham et al. 1989 (or even perhaps Campbell et
  al. 1988)
• 3. unconfirmed, controversial, or retracted
  planets
• 56 systems
• 57 planet candidates
• 1 multiple planet systems

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Exoplanet Discoveries
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55 Cancri
radial velocities
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periodogram
55 Cancri
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1 Planet Fit
55 Cancri
but, the residuals are high
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Second Period
55 Cancri
15.9 y
2nd period
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2 Planet Fit - Inner Planet
55 Cancri
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2 Planet Fit - Outer Planet
55 Cancri
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2 Planet Fit periodogram
55 Cancri
44.3 d
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Planet 3
55 Cancri
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55 Cancri Planetary System
and now, there are 5 planets (maybe) companion
star at 1000 AU
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by radial velocity as of 23 March 2009 272
systems 318 planet candidates 33 multiple
planet systems masses are Msini
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Exoplanet Masses
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Exoplanet a vs. M
J
E
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Exoplanet Angular Separations
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Exoplanet e vs. M
SS
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Exoplanet Host Metallicities
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Planet Temperatures
T L1/4 /d1/2
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Disks and Planets - an Evolving Relationship
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Disk-Planet Interactions can lead to orbital
migration
Simulations by Geoff Bryden and Doug Lin (UCSC)
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As the disk is cleared, interactions between
planets can lock in resonance orbits.
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(No Transcript)
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3. Astrometry
precise location of star using astrometry star
wobbles in plane of sky assume star mass get
planet mass future of planet detection
NASA to launch SIM in 2016 (?)
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Astrometry Data
Sun as seen from 10 parsecs over 65 years
1 mas
Jupiter 11.9 yrs 0.52 milliarcsec
520 microarcsec Saturn 29.4 yrs 0.95
milliarcsec 950 microarcsec Uranus 83.8
yrs 1.91 milliarcsec 1910 microarcsec
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SIMs Planet Detectability
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4. Transits
photometry used as planet crosses star but you
have to catch transit ESA launched COROT DEC 26
2006 NASA launched Kepler MAR 5, 2009!
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Kepler
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Kepler
4-year mission 0.95m telescope 105 square degree
field 42 CCDs read every 3 sec defocused to 10
arcsec 100,000 stars to V 14 frequency of
terrestrial and jovian planets distribution of
orbit sizes prevalence of planets in
stellar multiple systems sizes of
planets albedos of planets
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Transit Data
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Contrasting Indirect Techniques
astrometry/spectroscopy
transits
trends
repetitive chances complete
samples radii,
masses, densities expensive, min masses only
take what you get
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5. Imaging
5. Imaging
HST NICMOS Survey
only DIRECT technique a few claims made works
for young, hot, massive planets around wimpy stars
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Star vs. Planet
Sun-Jup at 10 parsecs separation 0.52 ?V
20 mag ?50µm 10 mag
1081
1041
reflected
emitted
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Fomalhaut Planet
background star
movie
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The Scorecard
as of 24 March 2009 Indirect
Methods 1. pulsar timing 4 systems 7
planets 2. radial velocities 272 systems 318
planets 3. transits 58 systems 58
planets 4. astrometry 0 systems 0
planets X. microlensing 7 systems 8
planets Direct Methods 5. imaging 9
systems 11 planets
perhaps 1 or 2, actually
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Summary of Discoveries
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The Ultimate Picture
The Ultimate Picture
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Solar System Explorers 2009-6
Describe any observation made of an extrasolar
planet or planetary system that is NOT a radial
velocity measurement. Give the name of the star
system, the technique used, and the science
result. 1. Lupus-TR-3b transits
radius/inclination of planet 2. HD189733
polarimetry during transit size and albedo 3.
GQ Lupi B imaging not a planet VLT liars 4.
GJ 436 b transits first Neptune mass
planet 5. Fomalhaut b imaging mass, orbital
period, e, a 6. HD80606 b IR light detection
temp of planet near star 7. HR8799 imaging
multiple system imaged 8. OGLE-TR056b imaging
Hubble/Spitzer atmosphere details 9. HD209458 b
transits .017 mag drop gave radius, Na/O/C
atmosphere 10. PSR 125712 timing detection
of planets in 1992 11. X01b transit brighter
than V12 star 12. 1RXSJ1609 imaging first
around Sun-like star 13. HD209458 b Spitzer
imaging puffier and circular orbit (not
eccentric) 14. GJ 876 astrometry confirmation
of rad vel work 15. HW Vir timing eclipsing
binary with planet 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
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Solar System Explorers 2009-7
How would the environment be different on an
Earth-sized world 1 AU from Proxima Centauri? 1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
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..
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The Scorecard 14 MAR 2006
as of 14 March 2006 Indirect
Methods 1. pulsar timing 2 systems 4
planets 2. radial velocities 149 systems 173
planets 3. transits 3 systems 3
planets 4. astrometry 0 systems 0
planets X. microlensing 4 systems 4
planets Direct Methods 5. imaging 4
systems 4 planets
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Keck Interferometer

• Salient Features
• 85-meter baseline between the two Kecks
• wavelength 2 µm and 10 µm
• imaging resolution 5 µas at 2 µm
• astrometric accuracy 30 µas

• Objectives
• direct detection of brown dwarfs and warm
  Jupiter-mass planets
• null the star and study zodiacal clouds around
  nearby stars
• indirect detection of Uranus-size planets via
  astrometry
• high-resolution imaging of disks in which planets
  may be forming

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Large Binocular Tel. Interferometer

• Salient Features
• interferometer for Consortium sponsored LBT
• JPL management of UA implementation contract
• NASA Guest Observer data management at ISC
• UA development and IT of nulling infrared
  interferometer
• operational date late-2006

Objectives survey of nearby stars for zodiacal
dust disks up to 50 nearby stars down to a
level of zodiacal dust corresponding to 3X dust
in Solar System
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Space Interferometry Mission (SIM)

• Salient Features
• 3 collinear Michelson Interferometers
• 9 meter baseline visible wavelength
• Launch Date 2015, if ever
• Launch Vehicle Heavy Launch Vehicle
• Heliocentric, Earth-trailing orbit
• Operational Life 5-10 years
• SIM is a JPL, Caltech, Lockheed Martin, TRW, and
  Science Community partnership

• Objectives
• survey 2000 nearby stars for astrometric
  signatures of planetary companions
• survey 200 nearby stars for orbiting planets down
  to terrestrial-masses
• study dynamics and evolution of stars and star
  clusters in our galaxy
• improve best current catalog of star positions by
  gt100x and extend to fainter stars
• calibrate luminosities of important stars and
  cosmological distance indicators

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Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF)

• Salient Features
• IR Separated Spacecraft Interferometer or Visible
  Coronagraph
• starlight suppression to 10-6 (IR) or 10-9 (vis)
• launch vehicle EELV class
• L2 or heliocentric Earth-trailing orbit
• 5 year mission life with 10 year goal
• potential collaboration with European Space
  Agency IRSI/DARWIN Mission

• Objectives
• survey 250 nearby, solar type stars for
  Earth-mass planets
• make low resolution spectral observations of 50
  of the brightest planets looking for evidence of
  a habitable planet using signatures such as CO2
  and H2O
• make very sensitive, low resolution spectral
  observations of 10 of the most interesting
  planets, looking for signposts of a planet
  inhabited by primitive life
• carry out a program of general astrophysics