Classifying

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Classifying Organisms
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Why do scientists classify organisms?

• There are AT LEAST 1.7 million different kinds of
  organisms on Earth. Scientists estimate there
  may be as many as 40 million, most undiscovered.
  
• Scientists needed a way to classify them for
  study and a way to communicate about them, even
  though they spoke so many different languages.

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Classification of Organisms

• The process of grouping objects based on their
  similarities or differences is called
  CLASSIFICATION.
• Biologists classify living things into groups so
  they are much easier to study.
• The study of how organisms are grouped is called
  TAXONOMY.

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Classification

• What are some common things that are grouped or
  classified, to make our lives easier?
• ex grocery store

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Carolus Linnaeus
Aristotle
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Modern Classification
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TAXONOMY the study of classification?taxa
groups
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• Monera (bacteria)
• ?single-celled organisms (UNIcellular)
• ?bacteria cells are PROkaryotic, which means
  they have NO nucleus
• ?broken down further

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• archaebacteria
• -thrive in harsh conditions, such as in hot,
  deep sea trenches, salty water, swamps and the
  intestines of cows
• -names archaea comes from Greek word for
  ancient

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Bacteria are so widespread ... They may be found
on the tops of mountains, the bottom of the
deepest oceans, in the guts of animals, and even
in the frozen rocks and ice of Antarctica. One
feature that has enabled them to spread so far,
and last so long is their ability to go dormant
for an extended period. -- Museum of
Paleontology, University of California at Berkeley
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B. eubacteria -common bacteria
-found all around us on a daily basis
some cause illnesses (bacteria that is all
around you)
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www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/pubaf/ pr/2001/bnlpr121101.htm
Monera
archaebacteria eubacteria
www.the-scientist.com/yr2002/ mar/wilson_p22_02030
4.html
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2. Protist ?MOST are unicellular (one
cell) ?cells are EUkaryotic, which means
they have a nucleus in their cells
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?difficult to classify because protists
often have characteristics of plants
animals...so they are often called the odds
and ends kingdom
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amoeba
paramecium
euglena
Protist
www.lima.ohio-state.edu/biology/
images/paramec.jpg
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3. Fungi ?cannot MOVE from place to
place ?cannot make their own food
because they contain no chlorophyll (not
green) ?to get food, they must absorb it
from their surroundings
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yeast
mushrooms
mold
www.canaden.com/photos/ted_sparrow/
fungi-rock_lake.jpg
Fungi
www.smm.org/sln/tf/gallery/growgallery/
growgallery3.html
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4. Plants ?MULTIcellular (many
celled) ?cells have a nucleus and contain
chlorophyll (green pigment) ?can make
their own food through the process of
photosynthesis
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dandelion
rose
pine
Plants
maple
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5. Animal ?MULTIcellular (many
celled) ?cannot make their own
food ?most move from place to
place ?divided into 2 groups
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A. those with a backbone (elephants,
frogs, birds, etc.) B. those without a
backbone (insects, starfish, jellyfish,
worms, etc.) ex fish, mosquito,
elephant, bee, eagle, clam, roundworm
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Animal
www.kidzone.ws/animals/ animal_classes.htm
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There are 7 levels of classification 1.
kingdom (very broad) 2. phylum 3. class 4.
order 5. family 6. genus 7. species (most
specific)
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King (kingdom) Phillip (phylum) Came
(class) Over (order) For (family) Great
(genus) Spaghetti (species)
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Kids (kingdom) Prefer (phylum) Candy
(class) Over (order) Fancy (family) Green
(genus) Salads (species)
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? more levels shared, the more organisms have
in common ?as you move down, there are
FEWER of organisms in each group, but,
organisms look more similar and have MORE IN
COMMON with one another
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Think of it like 1. continent (very
broad) 2. country 3. state 4. town 5.
neighborhood 6. street 7. house
(specific) With every level it gets MORE
specific! You have the most in common with
people in your home.
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Species Bubo virgininaus
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Which are most closely related?

• KingdomAnimalia
• PhylumChordata
• ClassMammalia
• OrderRodentia
• FamilyMuridae
• GenusMus
• Species Musculus
• House Mouse
• Mus Musculus

• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordata
• Class Mammalia
• Order Rodentia
• Family Caviidae
• Genus Cavia
• Species porcellus
• Guinea Pig
• Cavia porcellus

• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordata
• Class Mammalia
• Order RodentiaFamily Chinchillidae
• Genus Chinchilla
• Species laniger
• Chinchilla
• Chinchilla laniger

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So, where do the scientific names come from?
?first part of an organisms scientific name
is GENUS and the second part is the
SPECIES ?together, these 2 names identify one
kind of organism
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house cat Genus Felis Species
domesticus Human Genus
Homo Species sapien african Genus
Loxodonta elephant Species africana mountai
n Genus Felis lion Species concolor
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?genus name describes similar, closely related
organisms ?species name describes a group of
similar organisms that can mate and produce
fertile offspring -often refers to a
distinctive feature of the organism, such as
where it lives, its color or a unique structure
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EXAMPLE House Cat Genus
Felis Species domesticus Many cats are
in the genus Felis. But, only house cats
Felis domesticus can mate and produce fertile
offspring.
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Animal Polar Bear kingdom Animal ph
ylum Chordate class Mammal order Carnivore
family Ursidae genus Ursus species Ursus
maritimus
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• KINGDOM Animalia
• PHYLUM Chordata
• CLASS Mammalia
• ORDER Carnivora
• FAMILY Ursidae
• GENUS Ailuropoda
• SPECIES melanoleuca
• Ailuropoda melanolecua
• Common Name Giant Panda

• KINGDOM Animalia
• PHYLUM Chordata
• CLASS Mammalia
• ORDER Carnivora
• FAMILY Ursidae
• GENUS Ursus
• SPECIES Arctos
• Ursus arctos
• Common Name Brown Bear

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Look carefully at the scientific name below.
Can you guess where youd find this plant? Viola
missouriensis
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Ligers, Tigons and Zeedonks, OH MY!
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Hybrids
LigersTheyre pretty much my favorite animal.

• Occur under conditions of domesitcation
• Born sterile (in most cases)
• Are NOT bred for their skills in magic

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Liger

• male lion female tiger LIGER
• mane like a lion, the long body of a tiger, and
  more mass than either
• exhibits traits of both parents
• roars like a lion and swims like a tiger
• Ligers do not occur in the wild, they result only
  from captive breeding. This is not because it is
  impossible, just extremely unlikely as the two
  species ranges overlap only slightly and a tiger
  would not be likely to associate with a pride of
  lions.

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Liger

• The liger is potentially the largest cat that
  currently exists in the world, typically larger
  than either of its parent species.
• size comparison male Siberian tigers (the
  largest non-extinct naturally occurring member of
  the cat family, Felidea) average between 400 and
  600 pounds. Some ligers weigh about twice that.

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Liger
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Liger
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Tigon

• male tiger female lion TIGON
• At least one documented case of a tigon being
  born fertile. The offspring was fathered by a
  tiger so it was called a ti-tigon.

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Tigons
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Tigon
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Mule

• male donkey female horse MULE
• Most significant hybrid in history
• mule has greater endurance and is stronger and
  less excitable than a horse
• A tiny percentage of female mules have had foals,
  but this is considered a freak genetic accident

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A female horse (Equus caballus) bred with a male
donkey (Equus asinus) will yield a MULE
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Hinny

• male horse female donkey HINNY

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A male horse (Equus caballus) bred with a female
donkey (Equus asinus) will yield a HINNY
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Mules vs. Hinnies

• Scientists think that differences in hinnies and
  mules may be from the result of maternal
  influences on the fetus, and in the upbringing of
  the foal. Some hinnies tend to look like horses
  with long ears, but most cannot be told apart
  from mules. Untraced animals can not be verified
  as hinnies. For all purposes, hinnies are
  classified with mules

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A donkey (Equus asinus) bred to a zebra (E.
burchelli, E. grevyi, or E. zebra) yields a
ZEEDONK
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Zeedonk
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Classification of Common Organisms
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Guinea Pig
Kingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass
MammaliaOrder RodentiaFamily CaviidaeGenus
CaviaSpecies porcellus Cavia porcellus
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Philippine Tarsier
Latin name Tarsius syrichtaKingdom
AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder
PrimatesFamily Tarsiidae Genus
Tarsius Species syrichta Tarsius syrichta
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Chinchilla
Kingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass
MammaliaOrder RodentiaFamily
ChinchillidaeGenus ChinchillaSpecies laniger
Chinchilla laniger
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King Penguin
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Aves
Order Sphenisciformes Family Spheniscidae
Genus Aptenodytes Species patagonicus
Aptenodytes patagonicus
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Squid
Kingdom AnimaliaPhylum MolluscaClass
CephalopodaOrder Teuthida Family
LoliginidaeGenus LoligoSpecies
brevipenna Loligo brevipenna
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Honey Bee
Kingdom Animalia PhylumArthropoda Class
Insecta Order Hymenoptera Family Apidae Genus
Apis Species mellifera Apis mellifera
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Try this interactive, online activity,
Classifying Life

• http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/orchid/classifying.ht
  ml

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Visit BrainPop to view videos on the 6 kingdoms
and classification.

• www.brainpop.com
• Select science

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