Passive Voice of the Present System

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Passive Voice of the Present System

• Chapter 18

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What is the passive voice?

• So far, all the verbs that we have been working
  with have been used in the active voice. In the
  active voice, the subject performs the action.
• In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence
  is the recipient of the action of the verb.
• Therefore, only transitive verbs (i.e. ones that
  take a direct object) can be used in the passive
  voice.

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• The boy reads the book.
• The book is read by the boy.

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What is the passive voice?

• In English, we form the passive voice by
  combining an inflected form of the verb to be
  with a passive participle.
• I am loved.
• I will be seen.
• He was being praised.

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Which voice?

• I hid the book under my bed.
• The exam was graded by the teacher.
• The portrait was painted by an unknown artist.
• The motor propelled the boat across the lake.

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• The personal endings for verbs which we learned
  in chapter 1 were for the active voice.
• For the present system of the passive voice, we
  have a new set.

But we still conjugate the verbs in the same way,
by adding the personal endings to the verb stem.
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Present Tense of 1st and 2nd Conjugations

• laudare monere

lauda mone
laudor moneor
laudor moneor
laudaris moneris
lauda mone
laudatur monetur
lauda mone
laudamur monemur
lauda mone
laudamini monemini
lauda mone
laudantur monentur
lauda mone
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Imperfect Tense

• present stem imperfect infix passive endings

laudabar monebar laudabaris monebaris laudabatur
monebatur laudabamur monebamur laudabamini moneb
amini laudabantur monebantur
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Future of 1st and 2nd Conjugations
present stem bo/bi/bu passive endings

• amabor monebor
• amaberis moneberis
• amabitur monebitur
• amabimur monebimur
• amabimini monebimini
• amabuntur monebuntur

NB alternate 2nd Sg amabere and monebere
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Infinitives

• The infinitive we learned in chapter 1 is the
  present active infinitive.
• ex amare to love
• Now well learn how to form the present passive
  infinitive.

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Infinitives

• For conjugations 1 and 2, just change the final
  e of the active infinitive into i.

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Agent
The person by whom the action of a passive verb
is performed is indicated by using a or ab with
the ablative case. We ingeniously call this the
ablative of agent. If the performer of the verb
not a person, the means by which it is done is
indicated using the ablative of means (Ch 14).
Puer a patre necatur.
Puer tempestate necatur.