A BASIC TENET OF NURSING

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A BASIC TENET OF NURSING
Dr. Barbara J. Cohen
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Nurses care
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Nursing, the caring profession
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Care is the essence of nursing and a distinct,
dominant, central and unifying focus Leininger,
1991.
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Objectives

• Define what the concept caring means.

• Identify major theories that discuss caring.

• Identify interventions that are indicative of
  caring.

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When an individual is ill, and in an unfamiliar
environment, he/she may feel helpless, isolated,
dependent, fearful.
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Three Questions to Discuss. . .
If you were ill what would you like nurses to do
to show they cared about you?
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As a nurse how can you show patients you care
about them?
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What can nurses do to show they care about other
members of the health care team?
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Definitions of Caring

• A motivation to protect the welfare of another
  or to assist that person to grow and actualize
  the self
  
  Mereroff (1971).

• Thoughts feelings and actions being connected
  and concerned with the clients so that caring
  sets up the possibility of giving and receiving
  help Benner and Wrubel (1989).

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K. Swanson a nurturing way of relating to a
valued other toward whom one feels a personal
sense of commitment and responsibility.
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Five Caring Processes Identified by Swanson.
Knowing
Enabling
Being With
Maintaining Belief
Doing For
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Definitions of Caring continued.
Madeline Leininger Caring refers to actions and
activities directed toward assisting, supporting
or enabling another individual or group with
evident or anticipated needs to ameliorate or
improve a human condition or life-way, or to face
death.
Marriner-Tomey, Alligood 1998.
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Assisting, supporting, improving a human
condition or life-way, or to face death.
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Definitions of Caring continued
Caring is a moral ideal rather than an
interpersonal technique which can be demonstrated
through carative factors (nursing interventions)
that allow for contact between the subjective
world of the experiencing persons Watson, 1985.
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• Jean Watson Identified of 10 carative factors.
  Three examples are as follows
• Cultivation of sensitivity of ones self and
  others.
• Development of a helping-trusting, human caring
  experience.
• Provision for a supportive, protective, or
  corrective mental, physical, socio-cultural, and
  spiritual environment.

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Development of a helping trusting relationship.
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Provision for a supportive protective environment
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Nurturing of faith and hope
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Examples of common thoughts about caring

• motivation to protect welfare of others

• assist person to grow

• ameliorate or improve a condition, way of life

• thoughts, feelings, actions

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• being connected and concerned

• giving and receiving help (nurturing, assisting,
  supporting, enabling).

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The tree of caring produces a caring professional.
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Factors Producing a Caring Professional
Society, health, nursing, learning environment,
person, nursing education, responsibility,
accountability, nursing process, cultural
diversity, patterns of knowing, critical
thinking, conscience, commitment, compassion,
competence...
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Promoting Caring
Hearing Giving Attention
When I truly hear a person and the meanings that
are important to him at the moment, hearing not
simply his words, but him, and when I let him
know that I have heard his private personal
meanings, many things happen. He wants to tell me
more about his world. He surges forth in a new
sense of freedom. He becomes open to the process
of change Carol Rogers from Away of Being, p.
10.
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Promoting caring continued
Attitude Being Aware
Facing ones own attitude. Am I being open,
willing, seeing the good in the other?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
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Promoting caring continued
Providing Presence, Comforting
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Touching as comfort
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Caring behaviors continued
Being Competent
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Nursing Caring Behaviors as Perceived by Families
Being honest
Giving clear explanations
Keeping family members informed
Trying to make the client comfortable
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Providing necessary emergency care
Assuring the client that nursing services will be
available.
Data from Mayer, DK. (1986). Cancer patients and
families perception of nurse caring behaviors.
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Caring Behaviors in Working With Other Members of
the Health Care Team
OR
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