Parking pricing and management

1
Parking pricing and management
2
Parking policy

• Problems negative impacts
• Typical policy development
• Policy conflicts
• What do local authorities control?
• Regulating and enforcing on-street parking
• Off-street parking
• Effect of parking on economic vitality
• Park and ride
• Gaining acceptance for parking policy
• Some conclusions

3
Structure of seminar

• At the end of todays class you should have an
  understanding of
• Some definitions
• Parking positive and negative impacts
• Typical policy development, and policy conflicts
• What do local authorities control?
• Regulating and enforcing on-street parking
• Off-street parking types, costs, control, uses
• Effect of parking on economic vitality
• Park and ride
• Gaining public acceptance for parking policy
• Lecture and tutorials to get you working with the
  material

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Some definitions
On-street
Private non-residential (PNR)
Pay and display parking meter
Public off-street (can be in parking structures)
Public off-street
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Positive impacts of parking policy

• Has an impact on mode share
• Can support local economic development
• Major revenue earner
• Improves road safety
• Influences car ownership

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Negative impacts of parking

• Effect of on street parking (and parking search)
  on
• congestion,
• road safety
• environment
• blocking bus lanes and stops footways and
  crossings
• Off-street
• Construction costs and space used
• Surface - 3k/space
• Structure 15-20k/space
• Underground - 25k/space upwards
• Peak car journeys induced esp. by PNR

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Task

• For your town or city, what are the key problems
  and issues related to parking?
• Take 10 minutes working with your neighbour to
  think about this.
• Then we will discuss this, to look for
  commonalities and differences.

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Policy conflicts

• Economic vitality

Demand/congestion management
?
Safety/ accessibility
Revenue raising
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Typical development of a parking policy

• From COST 342 (especially relevant to on-street
  policy)
• Stage 1 no problems,
• Stage 2 as demand gt supply, regulations
  introduced
• Stage 3 - demand further increases time limits
  introduced to favour short stay shoppers,
  visitors
• Stage 4 commuters pushed further out conflict
  with residents residents zones introduced
• Stage 5 more and more differentiation of
  parking tariffs
• Stage 6 park and ride.
• Stage 7 inclusion of parking in mobility
  management

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What do local authorities control?

• They control
• Regulation of on-street parking
• (In a few countries) enforcement of on-street
  parking
• Parking standards for new development
• Public off-street car parks that they own and/or
  run
• Car parks for their own staff
• BUT they dont control
• PNR and residential parking, once built
• Public off-street car parks that they dont own
  and/or run
• (In most countries) enforcement of on-street
  parking including setting fines and collecting
  money

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So parking policies to manage demand
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Regulating/enforcing on-street parking
Local authorities across Europe have powers Can
take time to implement Consultation

• Enforcement powers
• Differences across Europe
• Trend (?) from police to local authority
• Parking low priority for police and courts
• E.g. of UK decriminalised parking system

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Some on-street parking prices

• Fee per hour () (2002) Vienna 0.87 Brussels
  0.50 Paris 1.00 3.00 Lyon 1.50
  5.00 Bremen 0.60 1.50 Cologne 1.00
  2.00 Stuttgart 0.20 2.00 Munich 2.00
  2.50 Dublin 1.00 1.90 Amsterdam 1.60 -
  2.50 Maastricht 1.40 Lisbon 0.50 Madrid 0.
  60 1.20 Barcelona 0.90 1.20 Edinburgh 1.20
  3.00 Central London 7.00

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Off-street parking

• Public off-street vs private off-street (PNR)
• Major industry who controls it?
• Prices should be
• lt on-street?
• Higher per hour for longer stays

• Who builds off-street public parking? Who pays
  for it? How much does it cost?
• Off-street parking for residents?
• e.g. Lyon

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Parking and economic vitality

• Does more parking lead to a better economy?
• Does less parking lead to a worse economy?
• What role does parking play in
• Where shoppers choose to shop?
• Where companies choose to locate?
• Are certain traders more dependent on parking
  than others?

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Park and ride 1

• Why build park and ride?
• 1970-1990 220 growth in PR sites and 337
  increase in PR spaces in Europe (COST 342)
• Successful PR needs
• Frequent fast (cheap) public transport to centre
• Lack of parking in centre
• Easy road access to car park
• High quality secure facilities
• of demand will come from trips previously made
  completely by PT
• Unofficial PR?

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Park and ride 2

• Effects of PR on traffic (COST 342)
• Vienna PR takes 12 of city centre-bound
  traffic
• Chester 20
• Madrid 20,000 users per day Barcelona, 12,000
  Hanover, 10,000.
• Strasbourg PR key element in success of tram
  line. 43 of motorised trips now made by public
  transport.
• Oxford, UK 3-9 reduction in city-centre bound
  traffic.

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Parking standards for new development

• amount of parking provided with new buildings
• Catering for demand or controlling demand?
• Relating parking provision to public transport
  accessibility
• Catering for specific users e.g. disabled,
  parents, cyclists
• Should there be central government guidance on
  parking standards?
• Response of developers to constraints on parking
  provision

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PPG13 Parking standards (UK)

• These are maximum standards
• Food retail 1 space per 14m2
• Non food retail 1 space per 20m2
• Cinemas and conference facilities 1 space per 5
  seats
• B1 including offices 1 space per 30m2 1 space
  per 2-3 staff
• Higher and further education - 1 space per 2
  staff 1 space per 15 students
• Stadia 1 space per 15 seats
• Residential (PPG3) max 1.5 spaces/house

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Parking standards elsewhere

• Europe moving towards maximum standards

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Parking and mobility management

• Mobility management use of soft measures to
  get more out of transport system
• Parking manages mobility
• Mobility management should include
• Parking/park and ride information
• Parking management at large employers and at
  events
• Links between parking pricing/payment and public
  transport pricing/payment

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Implementing workplace parking management

• When parking charging or rationing implemented as
  part of site-based mobility management, need to
  take into account

• Need for clear objectives and recognition of a
  problem
• Process of implementing charge
• Levels of charge, exemption from them
• Enforcement
• Employees contracts
• Administration
• Use of charge
• Overspill

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Gaining acceptance for parking policy

• Communication of changes and reasons for them
• Public know and understand the measures.
• Perceived benefit
• fees and other regulations related to size of
  problem.
• Alternative transport exists to a good standard.
• Revenue used fairly and transparently
• Parking regulations enforced consistently and
  fairly,
• Fines not excessive and related to seriousness of
  the offence

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Conclusions

• Parking - key determinant of mode choice
• Parking - key feature of urban transport policy
• Parking provision - should be controlled and
  related to accessibility by other modes?
• Link between parking and economic vitality
  complex and unclear
• PNR can be addressed with political will
• Controlled zones can bring big local benefits
• Park and ride needs careful evaluation

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Task

• Read the summary of the conclusions from COST
  342.
• Think ready to discuss
• Are these conclusions relevant to your town and
  city?
• Are there conclusions missing?
• How would you go about implementing the
  recommendations?
• What barriers would you face in implementing the
  recommendations?

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Task

• Work individually.
• You are responsible for the parking policy of
  your own town or city.
• For your city/town, you have to develop an
  outline of a parking strategy. You have 45
  minutes to do this. In it, you must consider
• What are the most problematic issues?
• What policies will you choose to implement, and
  why?
• What will be the biggest barriers to implementing
  policy and how might you try to overcome these?
• Are there any problems/issues that you wont be
  able to address effectively?
• What further information do you need to be able
  to make effective decisions?