Topics for Today

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Topics for Today

• Pollution, Pollution!
• (Gaseous Pollutants)

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Readings for Today
Section 1.10 Burning Hydrocarbons! Section 1.11
The parts about SO2 and NOx Section
1.12 Tropospheric Ozone, O3 Section 2.1 Ozone
Where is it?
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Topics for Friday
EXAM 1!
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Topics for Monday

• Finish up any gaseous air pollutants we dont get
  to today
• Particulate Matter!

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• Assignment 2 is posted!!

Due date Friday, Feb 23 by the beginning of
lecture
I will demonstrate in class on Monday
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Readings for Monday

• Same as today!
• PLUS, Sections 6.7 through 6.9
• SOx and NOx and acid rain.

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Readings for Monday

• Same as today!
• PLUS, Sections 6.7 through 6.9
• SOx and NOx and acid rain.

What is PM? See page 11 How is it formed? 1.11,
for example..
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Topics for Today

• Pollution, Pollution!

(Gaseous Pollutants)
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From Monday

• All combustion reactions produce CO2!
• Respiration produces CO2!

How else is CO2 produced?
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From Monday

• 3. (Acid) Rain

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From Monday

• Acid Rain
• Nitric Acid, HNO3

H NO3-
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From Monday

• Acid Rain
• Nitric Acid, HNO3

H NO3-
Limestone or marble is partly made of calcium
carbonate.
CaCO3
Ca2 CO3 2-
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Reminder!!!

• Review your (pink) ions worksheet!!

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Acid Rain
Where is the CO2??
Acid Salt
HNO3 CaCO3 ? Ca(NO3)2 H2CO3
H NO3-
Ca2 CO3 2-
Ca2 2 NO3-
2 H CO3 2-
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Acid Rain
Where is the CO2??
HNO3 CaCO3 ? Ca(NO3)2 H2CO3
H2CO3 ? H2O CO2
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Acid Rain
HNO3 CaCO3 ? Ca(NO3)2 H2O CO2
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Acid Rain
HNO3 CaCO3 ? Ca(NO3)2 H2O CO2
By the way chemical or nuclear reaction?
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• 3 ways that CO2 gets into the atmosphere
• Burning things (Combustion)
• Respiration
• Acid-Salt Reactions

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• 3 ways that CO2 gets into the atmosphere
• Burning things
• Respiration
• Acid-Salt Reactions

Is CO2 considered a pollutant?
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Criteria Pollutants

• Defined by the EPA
• CO
• SO2
• NOx
• PM2.5 and PM10
• O3 (ozone)
• lead

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Criteria Pollutants

• Defined by the EPA
• CO
• SO2
• NOx
• PM2.5 and PM10
• O3
• lead

Lead is not very interesting anymore
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Criteria Pollutants

• Defined by the EPA
• CO
• SO2
• NOx
• PM2.5 and PM10
• O3

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OCO
C O
Carbon Monoxide Carbon Dioxide
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Carbon Monoxide, CO
C O
A colorless, odorless, tasteless gas
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Carbon Monoxide, CO
C O
Where does CO come from?
A colorless, odorless, tasteless gas
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(No Transcript)
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These are nationwide averages
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Why is this somewhat misleading?
These are nationwide averages
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What are the health effects of CO?
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What are the health effects of CO?
CO takes the place of O2 in your blood
versus
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What are the health effects of CO?
CO takes the place of O2 in your blood This
reduces the amount of oxygen available to your
brain, heart, and other bodily tissue.
versus
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Recommended Levels

• 8-hour exposure 9 ppm
• 1-hour exposure 35 ppm

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Recommended Levels
What percent is 35 ppm?

• 8-hour exposure 9 ppm
• 1-hour exposure 35 ppm

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Recommended Levels
What percent is 35 ppm?

• 8-hour exposure 9 ppm
• 1-hour exposure 35 ppm

35 ppm 0.0035
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35 ppm (0.0035) Headache and dizziness within
six to eight hours of constant exposure 100 ppm
(0.01) Slight headache in two to three hours
200 ppm (0.02) Slight headache within two to
three hours 400 ppm (0.04) Frontal headache
within one to two hours 800 ppm (0.08)
Dizziness, nausea, and convulsions within 45
minutes. Insensible within two hours. 1,600 ppm
(0.16) Headache, dizziness, and nausea within 20
minutes. Death in less than two hours. 3,200 ppm
(0.32) Headache, dizziness and nausea in five to
ten minutes. Death within 30 minutes. 6,400 ppm
(0.64) Headache and dizziness in one to two
minutes. Death in less than 20 minutes. 12,800
ppm (1.28) Death in less than three minutes.
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Typical CO levels
Urban Background About 5-10 ppm
Global Background About 0.2 ppm
Heavy Traffic Up to 100 ppm
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Catalytic Converter
CO2
CO2
CO
CO2
CO
CO
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Catalytic Converter
Where does the CO come from then?
CO2
CO2
CO
CO2
CO
CO
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Pounders
One of these emitters can account for about
500-1,000 cars in normal condition
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How much CO is in cigarette smoke?
About 2500 ppm!
1,600 ppm Headache, dizziness, and nausea within
20 minutes. Death in less than two hours. 3,200
ppm Headache, dizziness and nausea in five to
ten minutes. Death within 30 minutes.
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How is CO produced in nature?
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How is CO produced in nature?
Decomposition of Chlorophyll
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How is CO produced in nature?
Incomplete combustion
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How is CO produced by people?
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How is CO produced by people?
Incomplete combustion
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• Incomplete combustion Occurs when there isnt
  enough O2 around to completely convert the C in
  the fuel to CO2

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Review
This is the COMPLETE combustion of carbon!

CO2
O2

C
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Incomplete Combustion of Carbon

O2
CO

C
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Incomplete Combustion of Carbon
½
½ O2
CO

C
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Incomplete Combustion of Carbon

2
2
O2

2C
2CO
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Complete Combustion
C O2 ? CO2 C ½ O2 ? CO
Incomplete Combustion
More CO in oxygen depleted environments!
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Was there any CO formed when we burned the splint
in pure O2?
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Review

• Complete combustion of methane

CH4 2O2 ? CO2 2H2O
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• Lets write the equation for the incomplete
  combustion of methane, CH4.

How do we start??
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• Lets write the equation for the incomplete
  combustion of methane, CH4.

CH4 O2 ? CO H2O
Balance !
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• Lets write the equation for the incomplete
  combustion of methane, CH4.

CH4 3/2O2 ? CO 2H2O
If you dont like fractions, then multiply
through by 2!
Balance !
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• Lets write the equation for the incomplete
  combustion of methane, CH4.

2CH4 3O2 ? 2CO 4H2O
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• Your turn! Write the reaction for the incomplete
  combustion propane, C3H8

Balance the C and H first!
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• Your turn! Write the reaction for the incomplete
  combustion propane, C3H8

C3H8 O2 ? CO H2O
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• Your turn! Write the reaction for the incomplete
  combustion propane, C3H8

C3H8 7/2O2 ? 3CO 4H2O
OR
2C3H8 7O2 ? 6CO 8H2O
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Criteria Pollutants

• Defined by the EPA
• CO
• SO2
• NOx
• PM2.5 and PM10
• O3

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Sulfur Dioxide, SO2
Why is it a choking gas?
A colorless and choking gas
EXTREMELY soluble in water!!
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What are the sources of SO2?
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What are the sources of SO2?
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How is SO2 produced in nature?
Volcanoes!
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How do people produce SO2?
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How do people produce SO2?
Mainly from burning fossil fuels. . . Especially
coal!
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Sulfur is about 1.7 of coal.
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The US burned 1,125,000,000 TONS of coal in 2005
Thats 19,000,000 TONS of sulfur released from
the burning of coal.
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How about the combustion of sulfur?
Coal is mostly carbon

CO2
O2

C
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Combustion

SO2
O2

S
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Combustion
DEMO!!

SO2
O2

S
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What does the SO2 do in the air?
nitrogen (N2)
Other
oxygen (O2)
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Reacts further
21 O2

• 2 SO2 O2 2 SO3

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Sulfur Trioxide, SO3
A colorless and choking gas
EXTREMELY soluble in water!!
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Reacts further
21 O2
SO?

• 2 SO2 O2 2 SO3

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Sulfur Trioxide, SO3
Why is it a choking gas?
A colorless and choking gas
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Sulfur Trioxide, SO3
Why is it a choking gas?
A colorless and choking gas
EXTREMELY soluble in water!!
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SO3 and SO2 react with water!
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SO2 H2O ? H2SO3
SO3 H2O ? H2SO4
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Sulfurous Acid
SO2 H2O ? H2SO3
Sulfuric Acid
SO3 H2O ? H2SO4
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Sulfurous Acid
SO2 H2O ? H2SO3
Sulfuric Acid
SO3 H2O ? H2SO4
2H
SO42-
Hydrogen Ion
Sulfate Ion
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SO2 H2O ? H2SO3
Both are components of acid rain!
SO3 H2O ? H2SO4
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Acid Rain
H
H
SO32-
H
H
H
SO32-
H
SO32-
H
H
SO32-
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Do N2 or O2 wash out in the rain?
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Lets hope not!
Do N2 or O2 wash out in the rain?
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• O2 H2O
• N2 H2O

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Criteria Pollutants

• Defined by the EPA
• CO
• SO2
• NOx
• PM2.5 and PM10
• O3

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(No Transcript)
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NOx

• NO NO2
• nitrogen monoxide nitrogen dioxide

X 1
X 2
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Nitrogen Monoxide (nitric oxide), NO
Poisonous Gas Irritates lungs Highly reactive!
A colorless and choking gas
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Making NO
N2 O2 2NO
High Temperature!
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How is NO produced in nature?
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How is NO produced in nature?
Anywhere in the atmosphere you find HIGH
TEMPERATURES!!
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How is NO produced in nature?
Anywhere in the atmosphere you find HIGH
TEMPERATURES!!
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How is NO produced by people?
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How is NO produced by people?
Anywhere in the atmosphere you find HIGH
TEMPERATURES!!
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How is NO produced by people?
Anywhere in the atmosphere you find HIGH
TEMPERATURES!!
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Why do motor vehicles account for more than ½ of
the NO emissions?
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How is NO2 produced naturally?
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How is NO2 produced naturally?
From NO!
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103
2NO O2 2NO2

Demo!!