Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY 6th Ed

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Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed)

• Chapter 11
• Emotions, Stress and Health
• James A. McCubbin, PhD
• Clemson University
• Worth Publishers

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Emotion

• Emotion
• a response of the whole organism
• physiological arousal
• expressive behaviors
• conscious experience

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Theories of Emotion

• Does your heart pound because you are afraid...
  or are you afraid because you feel your heart
  pounding?

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James-Lange Theory of Emotion

• Experience of emotion is awareness of
  physiological responses to emotion-arousing
  stimuli

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Cannon-BardTheory of Emotion

• Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger
• physiological responses
• subjective experience of emotion

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Schachters Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

• To experience emotion one must
• be physically aroused
• cognitively label the arousal

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Cognition and Emotion

• The brains shortcut for emotions

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Two Routes to Emotion
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Emotion and Physiology
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Arousal and Performance

• Performance peaks at lower levels of arousal for
  difficult tasks, and at higher levels for easy or
  well-learned tasks

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Emotion - Lie Detectors

• Polygraph
• machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies
• measures several of the physiological responses
  accompanying emotion
• perspiration
• cardiovascular
• breathing changes

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Emotion - A Polygraph Examination
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Emotion - Lie Detectors

• Control Question
• Example- Up to age 18, did you ever physically
  harm anyone?
• Relevant Question
• Example- Did the deceased threaten to harm you
  in any way?
• Relevant gt Control --gt Lie

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Emotion - Lie Detectors

• 50 Innocents
• 50 Thieves
• 1/3 of innocent declared guilty
• 1/4 of guilty declared innocent (from Kleinmuntz
  Szucko, 1984)

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Expressed Emotion

• People more speedily detect an angry face than a
  happy one (Ohman, 2001a)

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Expressed Emotion

• Gender and expressiveness

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Expressed Emotion

• Culturally universal expressions

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Experienced Emotion

• Infants naturally occurring emotions

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Experienced Emotion

• Catharsis
• emotional release
• catharsis hypothesis
• releasing aggressive energy (through action or
  fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
• Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
• peoples tendency to be helpful when already in a
  good mood

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Experienced Emotion

• Subjective Well-Being
• self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with
  life
• used along with measures of objective well-being
• physical and economic indicators to evaluate
  peoples quality of life

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Experienced Emotion

• Moods across the day

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Experienced Emotion

• Changing materialism

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Experienced Emotion

• Does money buy happiness?

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Experienced Emotion

• Values and life satisfaction

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Experienced Emotion

• Adaptation-Level Phenomenon
• tendency to form judgments relative to a
  neutral level
• brightness of lights
• volume of sound
• level of income
• defined by our prior experience
• Relative Deprivation
• perception that one is worse off relative to
  those with whom one compares oneself

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Happiness is...
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Stress and Illness

• Stress
• the process by which we perceive and respond to
  certain events, called stressors, that we
  appraise as threatening or challenging

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Stress Appraisal
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Stress and Illness

• General Adaptation Syndrome
• Selyes concept of the bodys adaptive response
  to stress in three stages

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Stress and Health

• Health Psychology
• subfield of psychology that provides psychologys
  contribution to behavioral medicine

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Perceived Control

• Equality and Longevity

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Stress and the Heart
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Stress and the Heart

• Coronary Heart Disease
• clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart
  muscle
• leading cause of death in many developed countries

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Stress and the Heart

• Type A
• Friedman and Rosenmans term for competitive,
  hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and
  anger-prone people
• Type B
• Friedman and Rosenmans term for easygoing,
  relaxed people

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Stress and Disease

• Psychophysiological Illness
• mind-body illness
• any stress-related physical illness
• some forms of hypertension
• some headaches
• distinct from hypochondria misinterpreting
  normal physical sensations as symptoms of a
  disease

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Stress and Disease

• Lymphocytes
• two types of white blood cells that are part of
  the bodys immune system
• B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release
  antibodies that fight bacterial infections
• T lymphocytes form in the thymus and, among other
  duties, attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign
  substances

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Stress and Disease

• Conditioning of immune suppression

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Stress and Disease

• Negative emotions and health-related consequences

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Promoting Health

• Aerobic Exercise
• sustained exercise that increases heart and lung
  fitness

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Promoting Health

• Biofeedback
• system for electronically recording, amplifying,
  and feeding back information regarding a subtle
  physiological state
• blood pressure
• muscle tension

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Promoting Health

• Modifying Type A life-style can reduce recurrence
  of heart attacks

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Promoting Health

• Social support across the life span

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Promoting Health
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Alternative Medicine
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Promoting Health

• Predictors of mortality

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
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Promoting Health

• Religious Attendance

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Promoting Health

• The religion factor is multidimensional