Introduction to Computer Science (I)

1
Introduction to Computer Science (I)

• Introduction

2
Information Technology in Our Lives

• Digital Convergence
• Converting whatever we can in the physical and
  communications world to binary on/off signals,
  called bits
• Text
• Voice
• Picture
• Movie

3

• At Home
• Email, Internet shopping, virtual museum, banking
  transactions, news
• Small computers in VCRs, automobiles,
  air-conditioning systems, washing machines,

4

• At Play
• Group chatting, games, songs and movies from
  Internet

5

• At Work
• Mobile worker
• Office software, Database, ERP, SCM, CRM

6

• At School or College
• Computer-based courses, distance learning

7
The History of Computing

• 3000 B.C. The Abacus
• The original mechanical counting device

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum,
http//www.computerhistory.org
8

• 1623-1662 Blaise Pascal
• French mathematician and philosopher
• Built the Pascaline in 1642

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum,
http//www.computerhistory.org
9

• 1642 The Pascaline
• A counting-wheel design
• A single revolution of one wheel would engage
  gears that turned the wheel one tenth of a
  revolution to its immediate left

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum,
http//www.computerhistory.org
10

• 1801 Jacquards loom
• Frenchman Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1753-1871)
• Weaving loom
• The first significant use of binary automation

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum,
http//www.computerhistory.org
11

• Jacquard Loom Salesmans Model

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum,
http//www.computerhistory.org
12

• 1793-1871 Charles Babbage
• Envisioned a steam-powered difference engine and
  then an analytical engine

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum,
http//www.computerhistory.org
13

• 1842 Bassages Difference Engine and the
  Analytical Engine

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum,
http//www.computerhistory.org
14

• Diagram Showing Method

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum,
http//www.computerhistory.org
15

• 1816-1852 Lady Ada Augusta Lovelace
• Punched cards could be prepared to instruct
  Babbages engine to repeat certain operations
• The first programmer

Source http//archive.computerhistory.org/
16

• 1860-1929 Herman Hollerith
• Devised a punched-card tabulating machine to
  speed up the 1890 U.S. census

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum,
http//www.computerhistory.org
17

• 1890 Holleriths Tabulating Machine
• Used a hand punch to enter data onto cards

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum,
http//www.computerhistory.org
18

• A Pantograph Punch

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum,
http//www.computerhistory.org
19

• 1874-1956 Thomas Watson, Sr.
• In 1896 Herman Hollerith founded the Tabulating
  Machine Company, which merged in 1911 with
  several other company to form the
  Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company. It was
  renamed the International Business Machines
  Corporation (IBM) by company president Thomas J.
  Watson in 1924.

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum,
http//www.computerhistory.org
20

• 1920s-1950s The Electro-Mechanical Accounting
  Machine Era
• Punched-card technology

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum,
http//www.computerhistory.org
21

• Punched Card Office

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum,
http//www.computerhistory.org
22

• 1903-1995 Dr. John V. Atanasoff and His ABC
  (Atanasoff Berry Computer)

Source http//archive.computerhistory.org/
23

• 1942 The First Elecronic Digital Computer The
  ABC

Source http//archive.computerhistory.org/
24

• 1946 The Electronic ENIAC Computer
• Dr. John W. Mauchly (middle) collaborated with J.
  Presper Ecjert, Jr. (foreground) at the
  University of Pennsylvania to develop a machine
  that would compute trajectory tables for the U.S.
  Army.
• Used vacuum tubes
• ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and
  Computer)

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum,
http//www.computerhistory.org
25

• 1951 The UNIVAC I and the First Generation of
  Computers
• Used vacuum tubes in the first generation of
  computers (1951-1959)
• The Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC I) was
  developed by Mauchly and Eckert for the
  Remington-Rand Corporation
• The first commercially viable electronic digital
  computer

Source http//archive.computerhistory.org/
26

• 1954 The IBM 650
• IBMs first entry into the commercial computer
  market was the IBM 701 in 1953
• IBM 650, introduced in 1954, was designed as a
  logical upgrade to existing punched-card machines

Source http//archive.computerhistory.org/
27

• 1907-1992 Amazing Grace Murray Hopper
• In 1959, Dr. Hopper led an effort that laid the
  foundation for the development of COBOL
• Found the first bug in a computera real one.
  She repaired the Mark II by removing a moth that
  was caught in Relay Number II.

Source http//archive.computerhistory.org/
28

• 1958 The First Integrated Circuit
• The first integrated circuit, a phase-shift
  oscillator, was invented in 1958 by Jack S. Kilby
  of Texas Instruments.

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum,
http//www.computerhistory.org
29

• 1963 The PDP-8 Minicomputer
• In 1963 Digital Equipment Corporation introduced
  the PDP-8
• The first successful minicomputer

Source http//archive.computerhistory.org/
30

• 1964 The IBM System/360 and the Third Generation
  of Computers
• The third generation was characterized by
  computers built around integrated circuits
• A family of computers with upward compatibility
  when a company outgrew one model it could move up
  to the next model without worrying about
  converting its data

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum,
http//www.computerhistory.org
31

• 1964 BASIC-More Than a Beginners Programming
  Language
• Dr. Thomas Kurtz and Dr. John Kemeny of Dartmouth
  College developed a programming language that a
  beginner could learn and use quickly

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum,
http//www.computerhistory.org
32

• 1969 ARPANET and the Unbundling of Hardware and
  Software
• A U.S. Department of Defenses Advanced Research
  Project Agency (ARPA) sponsorship of a project,
  named ARPANET, was underway to unite a community
  of geographically dispersed scientists by
  technology
• When IBM unbundled and sold software separately,
  the software industry began to flourish

Source http//archive.computerhistory.org/
33

• 1975 Microsoft and Bill Gates
• Bill gates and Paul Allen formed Microsoft
  Corporation, now the largest and most influential
  software company in the world

Source http//archive.computerhistory.org/
34

• 1976 The Apple I
• Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, along with Ronald
  G. Wayne formed the Apple Computer Company

Source http//apple.computerhistory.org/stories
35

• 1981 The IBM PC
• IBM tossed its hat into the personal computer
  ring with its announcement of the IBM Personal
  Computer

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum,
http//www.computerhistory.org
36

• 1982 Mitchell Kapor Designs Lotus 1-2-3
• In 1982, Kapor founded Lotus Development Company.
  Kapor and the company introduced an electronic
  spread-sheet product, Lotus 1-2-3

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum,
http//www.computerhistory.org
37

• 1984 The Macintosh and Graphical User Interfaces
• Apple Computer introduced the Macintosh desktop
  computer with a very friendly graphical user
  interface

Source http//archive.computerhistory.org/
38

• 1985-Present Microsoft Windows
• Microsoft introduced Windows, a GUI for IBM
  PC-compatible computers in 1985

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum,
http//www.computerhistory.org
39

• 1989 The World Wide Web
• Berners-Lee and a small team of scientists
  conceived HTML (the language of the Internet),
  URLs (Internet addresses), and put up the first
  server supporting the neq World Wide Web format

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum,
http//www.computerhistory.org
40

• 1993 The Internet Browser
• The development in 1993 of the graphical browser
  Mosaic by Marc Andreesen and his team at the
  National Center For Supercomputing Applications
  (NCSA) made the web accessible to everyone.
• Marc Andreesen and entrepreneur Jim Clark founded
  Netscape in 1994 to create a web browser based on
  the Mosaic project.

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum,
http//www.computerhistory.org
41

• 1996 The Handheld Computer
• The PalmPilot handheld computer was introduced by
  Palm Computing, Inc.

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum,
http//www.computerhistory.org
42
Problem Transformation into Calculations

• Many real problems can be transformed into
  calculations. Then, these calculations can be
  conducted in computers.
• Examples Image processing, optimization,
  ciphering and deciphering, simulations in dynamic
  systems

43
Personal Computers to Supercomputers

• Personal Computer (PC)
• Desktop PC

44

• Notebook PC

45

• Tablet PC

46

• Wearable PC

Source http//www.spectrum.ieee.org/publicfeature
/oct00/wear.html
47

• Handheld Computer

48

• Workstation
• To visualize and solve complex, technical
  problems.

49

• Server Computers
• Applications in business financial, customer
  management solutions, decision support data
  warehouse, e-commerce, and enterprise resource
  planning

50

• Supercomputer
• In a six-game match, a chess-playing IBM computer
  known as Deep Blue defeats chess grandmaster
  Garry Kasparov - the first time a reigning world
  champion loses a match to a computer opponent in
  tournament play. Deep Blue is an IBM RS/6000 SP
  supercomputer capable of calculating 200 million
  chess positions per second.

Source http//www-1.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/y
ear_1997.html
51
Information Systems

• Data processing systems
• Transaction handling, record keeping
• Primarily for clerical personnel and
  operational-level managers

Source http//www.lockheedmartin.com
52

• Management information system
• Uses an integrated database and supports a
  variety of functional areas
• Structured information (for example, a weekly
  inventory status report with predefined content
  and format)
• Applications in hospitals (patient accounting,
  point-of-care processing), insurance
  (claims-processing systems, policy
  administration, actuarial statistics), and
  colleges (student registration, placement)

53

• Decision support system
• Helps the decision makers, especially those at
  the tactical and strategic levels, in the
  decision-making process
• Interactive system

Source http//cdss.state.co.us
54

• Executive information system
• Subset of DSS
• Supports decision making at the executive levels
  of management, primarily the tactical and
  strategic levels

Source http//www.tzuchi.com.tw/medinfo99/3-3-41.
htm
55

• Artificial intelligence
• Expert systems, simulation of human sensory
  capabilities, neural networks, intelligent
  agents, robots and robotics

Source http//asimo.honda.com/index.asp
56

• Virtual reality
• Combines computer graphics with special hardware
  to immerse users in an artificial
  three-dimensional world

Source http//human-factors.arc.nasa.gov
57
References

• A Short History of Computing
• Tim Bergin, Computing History Museum American
  University, http//www.computinghistorymuseum.org/
  
• Computer History Museum
• http//www.computerhistory.org
• Computers
• Larry Long Nancy Long, Twelfth Edition, Pearson
  Education, Inc.
• http//archive.computerhistory.org/