Diesel Retrofit Technology Options

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Diesel Retrofit Technology Options

• October 18, 2006

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Diesel Exhaust

• Complex mixture of gases and fine particles
• Gaseous fraction---nitrogen, oxygen, carbon
  dioxide, water vapor air pollutants, such as
  carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides,
  volatile organics, alkenes, aromatic
  hydrocarbons, and aldehydes
• Ultrafine particles (PM) with chemicals adsorbed

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Primary Pollutants Emitted from Diesel Engines

• Particulate Matter (PM)
• Carbon Monoxide (CO)
• Ozone Precursors
• Hydrocarbons (HC)
• Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
• 41 chemicals that are classified as hazardous
  air pollutants under The Clean Air Act

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Health Effects

• Health studies show that exposure to diesel
  exhaust primarily affects the respiratory system
  and worsens asthma, allergies, bronchitis, and
  lung function. There is some evidence that
  diesel exhaust exposure can increase the risk of
  heart problems, premature death, and lung cancer.

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Populations at Highest Risk

• Children More susceptible to air pollution
  because their respiratory systems are still
  developing and they breath at a faster rate.
• Elderly
• Those with pre-existing conditions such as
  asthma, chronic bronchitis, cardiovascular
  disease, diabetes and lung cancer.
• Those living in Ozone PM non-attainment areas.

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Emission Reduction Strategies

• Emission Standards
• Fuel Standards
• Idle Reduction
• Retrofit Technology
• Random and Periodic Emission Testing

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Federal Regulations

• 2006 Rule Fuel
• Diesel sulfur levels reduced from 500 ppm to
  15ppm (97 reduction)
• Beginning mid 2006 Full implementation 2007
• Technology Enabler
• 2007 HDDE Rule
• 90 emission reductions
• Begins with Engine model year 2007

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HD Diesel Emission Standards
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Maryland Regulations

• Idling
• Unattended Motor Vehicle
• Diesel Vehicle Emission Control Program (Roadside
  Smoke Opacity Testing)

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Marylands Idling Regulations

• Engines may not be allowed to idle more than 5
  consecutive minutes, except as follows
• Stopped due to traffic conditions or mechanical
  difficulties
• Operate heating and cooling or auxiliary
  equipment
• Bring engine to manufacturers recommended
  operating temperature
• Accomplish the intended use of the vehicle

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Unattended Motor Vehicle

• Duty of driver upon leaving unattended vehicle.-
  Except as provided in subsection (c) of this
  section, a person driving or otherwise in charge
  of a motor vehicle may not leave it unattended
  until the engine is stopped, the ignition locked,
  the key removed, and the brake effectively set.
• Animals left in vehicles.- When a cat or dog is
  left in the unattended vehicle of an on-duty law
  enforcement officer or an animal control officer,
  the provisions of subsection (a) of this section
  do not apply to the law enforcement officer or
  the animal control officer.

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Random Roadside Smoke Opacity Testing

• Vehicles must meet smoke opacity standards
  according to the engine model year. The smoke
  standards are a maximum smoke opacity of
• 40 for model years 1991 and newer.
• 55 for model years 1974 - 1990.
• 70 for model years 1973 and older.
• If a vehicle is found to have exceeded the
  applicable standards, a Safety Equipment Repair
  Order (SERO) is issued to the driver.
• The owner must have the vehicle brought into
  compliance within 30 days. Failure to do so can
  result in the suspension of vehicles
  registration.

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Examples of what to look for
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DVECP Statistics

• Number of Valid Initial Tests 5,321
• Overall Fail Rate 15.3
• 79.9 Average Initial Failing Opacity
• 25.0 Average Retest Opacity
• 67.7 Improvement upon Retest
• To report smoking vehicles call
• 1-866-677-2833 (MSP) or 410-537-3270 (MDE)

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Why Retrofit?

• Approximately 11 million pre 2007 HDDVs on the
  road
• These vehicles can stay in-use for over 20 years

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Idle Reduction Technology Options

• Electronic Idle Limiters
• Idle Shutdown System
• Automatic Stop-Start System
• Auxiliary Devices
• Fuel-Fired Heaters
• Auxiliary Power Units (APU)
• Truck Stop Electrification
• Advanced TSE
• Shore Power

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Common Retrofit Technology Options

• Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
• Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC)
• Closed Crankcase Ventilation Filtration (CCVF)
  System
• Engine Reflash (International T444E Engines)
• Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF)

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Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel

• Effective October 15, 2006, on-road diesel fuel
  sulfur content lt 15 ppm.
• Advantages/Disadvantages
• Transparent
• No Engine/Vehicle Modifications
• Technology Enabler
• Emission Reductions
• - Cost
• Availability
• Dedicated Distribution/Handling

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Diesel Oxidation Catalyst

• Definition A DOC is a device that uses a
  chemical process to break down pollutants in the
  exhaust stream into less harmful components.
• Advantages/Disadvantages
• No Special Fuel Requirements
• Minimal Exhaust Modification
• Proven Technology (OEM Option)
• Cost Effective
• No Maintenance
• - Moderate Emission Reductions (Compared to DPF)

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Diesel Oxidation Catalyst
Carbon SOF NOx CO HC
Carbon NOx Water
Oxidation catalysts oxidize CO, hydrocarbons
(HCs) and the soluble organic fraction (SOF) to
reduce PM, CO, HCs, and toxic emissions
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Closed Crankcase Ventilation Filtration System

• Definition Crankcase filtration systems allow
  the crankcase to be closed.
• Advantages/Disadvantages
• No Special Fuel Requirements
• Decreases In-cabin Emissions
• Proven Technology (New OEM Option)
• Low Cost
• - Requires Maintenance Change CCVF Filter with
  oil change
• - Unique Installation Considerations

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International T-444E Engine Reflash

• Definition Reflashing the engine is a process
  that involves reconfiguring the computer control
  chip. This will recalibrate the engine and
  lowers its NOx emissions. Must also use a DOC or
  PM trap.
• Advantages/Disadvantages
• No Special Fuel Requirements
• NOx Reductions
• Proven Technology (OEM Option)
• No Change in Performance (Mileage, Power)
• - Limited to T-444E Engine, Model Years
  1999-2003
• - Must Use EPA Verified Package DOC (Engelhard)

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Diesel Particulate Filters

• High Reduction of HC, CO, and PM
• Easy to install
• Widely available
• Requires ULSD Fuel
• Minimum Temperature/Duration Requirements
• Requires periodic maintenance
• - High cost

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Diesel Particulate Filter Technology

• Trapped Soot

Cell Plugs

• Exhaust In(Soot, CO, HC)Enter

Exhaust (CO2, H2O) Out
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Verified Retrofit Technology Emission Reductions
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MDE Retrofit Project Summary
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2004 Mitsubishi Load Packer - DOC
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2002 International BUS-CCVF
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Other Verified Retrofit Technologies

• Emulsified Fuel- up to 50 PM?, 10 to 15 NOx?
• Biodiesel (B-20 up to 7 PM?, 4 NOx?)
• Fuel Borne Catalyst
• Lean-NOx catalysts
• Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)
• Selective catalytic reduction (SCR)

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Lessons Learned

• Conduct Outreach to Local Jurisdictions
• Build Partnerships
• Develop an Inventory of Potential Projects
• Develop Realistic Project Schedules
• Understand which events you can and can not
  control

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MDE Contact Information

• Marcia Ways
• [phone]
• mway_at_mde.state.md.us
• Tim Shepherd
• [phone]
• tshepherd_at_mde.state.md.us
• Lonnie Richmond
• [phone]
• lrichmond_at_mde.state.md.us

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Maryland Department of the Environment

• Robert L. Ehrlich, Jr., Governor
• Michael S. Steele, Lt. Governor
• Kendl P. Philbrick, Secretary
• Jonas A. Jacobson, Deputy Secretary