Age of Absolutism leads to the Age of Revolutions

1
Age of Absolutism leads to the Age of Revolutions

• 1450 1750
• Political System
• Social System
• Economic System
• Cultural System (mannerism to baroque)
• More secular
• Education
• Enlightenment (includes Scientific Revolution)

2
Absolutism and its limits

• Absolutism was possible because the European
  economy was expanding, allowing the creation of
  (comparatively) larger bureaucracies
• Kings found ways to strip nobles of their
  political power
• However, kings had to concede freedom from
  taxation to nobles
• The limits of a pre-industrial economy limited
  the effectiveness of royal power.
• Main concern of governments was still raising
  taxes and fighting wars.
• Even this proved too costly for most kings

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Absolute Monarchs Gunpowder EmpiresLate 1500s
1700s

• Akbar (1556-1605)
• Kangxi (1661-1722)
• Tokugaw Iseyasu (1598-1616)
• Peter the Great (1682-1725)
• Suleiman (1520 1566)

• Queen Nzinga (1583-1663)
• Louis XIV (1643 -1715)
• Shah Abbas (1588-1629)
• Frederick William the Great Elector (1640-1688)
• Charles V (1519-1556)
• Elizabeth I 1558-1603)
• Phillip II (1556-1598)

4
Repeating Characteristics

• Appearances of authority
• Accoutrements of power
• New cities
• Great Monuments
• Divine Authority
• Must 1st control the aristocracy and replace with
  a new bureaucracy
• Administrative body that has non-elected
  officials and procedures
• Chosen through different processes such as
  through inheritance or by merit
• Military structures and new types of persons to
  control the military
• Taxing structures and tax collectors
• How does the aristocracy fight back
• Mercantilist practices
• Self-sufficiency
• Control of trade through tariffs
• Control of trade routes
• Increase production of goods
• Deal with the issue of merchants and increased
  trade
• Increase banking practices and use and control of
  silver and gold
• Religious conflict

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Louis XIV

• 1643-1715
• Centralized the administration of France
• Government
• Financial
• Military
• Expanded the territories of France

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Absolute Best Example Sun KingLouis XIV

• Revoked the Edict of Nantes
• Used the position of Intendents created by
  Cardinal Richelieu under Louis XIII
• Aristocracy required to live at Versailles and
  serve him personally
• They advance by getting royal favors and offices
• Built Palace at Versailles

7
Financial Stability

• With his minister Colbert, he carried out the
  administrative and financial reorganization of
  the kingdom, as well as the development of trade
  and manufacturing.
• Streamlined the tax (taille) collection system
• revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685 which caused
  some 200,000 people to flee France
• These were some of the most industrious peoples
  of France and they took their capital with them

8
Mercantilism

• state intervention to create a self-sustaining
  economy.
• Colbert used an aggressive tariff policy to
  manipulate the import of raw materials and the
  export of manufactured goods to improve the
  balance of payments.
• He also fostered domestic trade and industry by
  improving communications (roads and canals),
  eliminating internal tolls, expanding the navy,
  increasing colonial trade through the East India
  Company and by subsidizing certain industries
  (tapestries and furniture).

9
Military Reform

• With the Marquis de Louvois, he reformed the army
  and racked up military victories.
• War with others across Europe in 30 Years war to
  create balance of power
• War of Spanish Succession
• Phillip II his grandson gets Spain but Treaty of
  Utrecht forbids the Bourbons to combine the
  crowns of France and Spain

10
Cultural Patronage

• Finally, Louis encouraged an extraordinary
  blossoming of culture
• theatre (Molière and Racine)
• music (Lully)
• architecture, painting, sculpture, and all the
  sciences (founding of the royal academies)
• Versailles became the seat of lavish spectacles,
  such as ballets, balls, hunts, and receptions,
  all presided over by the Sun King himself and
  attended by the educated international nobility. 
  
• French became the universal language of Europe

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Controlled the Aristocracy

• Had no time to tend to our own affairs and the
  landed gentry and their properties developed in
  disrepair
• Peasants on the land
• Forced the Parliments of Paris to register its
  edicts before issuance
• established state factories for luxury goods (the
  most famous was Les Gobelins).
• regulated every possible aspect of the private
  sector  - the innumerable guild ordinances and
  product règlements were meant to ensure high
  manufacturing standards, but they spawned a
  parasitic bureaucracy  and cramped the free
  development of industry.

12
Intendants

• Within the confines of his particular district,
  each Intendant gave form and shape to all facets
  of the royal government. 
• For example, the Intendant supervised the local
  law courts and nobles, worked to eradicate
  smugglers and bandits, recruited soldiers,
  oversaw the collection of taxes, regulated the
  marketplaces, guarded against famine, and dealt
  with the guilds and towns. 
• Moreover, he sometimes would decide court cases
  himself. 
• These Intendants were in constant contact with
  the Kings court, communicating with him and the
  state councils about what was happening in their
  districts, and receiving orders on what was to be
  done next.
• An important aspect of the Intendants was their
  social origins.  The king chose to use
  individuals whose upper-class status was
  recent.  
• These men were not embedded in the traditional,
  centuries-old power arrangements, as were the
  ancient nobility.  The new aristocrats had no
  independent political power or influence  they
  owed their authority and status to the king
  himself.

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Rebuttal

• While we were tending to his personal needs in
  the Palace the bourgeoisie undermined our
  position as lords of our domains. The peasants
  are beginning to refuse to pay their feudal
  obligations to use the village oven and the flour
  mill and the wine press. Even though we are
  exempt from the Taille we pay for our worship of
  the sun king through our lands.
• He is unchecked and has waged wars across Europe.
  
• He will bankrupt the economic system and
  eventually allow too much power to the
  bourgeoisie. They will revolt!

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The Bourgeoisie

• Bourgeois
• city dweller, eventually meant middle-class
• Transformation of the European economy in the
  middle ages led to increased numbers of a
  wealthy, non-aristocratic merchants and craftsmen
  based in cities
• This group traditionally allied with the king
  against the nobles
• The bourgeoisie provided a pool of educated men
  that the king could place in the bureaucracy
• The king got loyal, competent bureaucrats and did
  not have to rely on the aristocracy to help him
  govern
• The bourgeoisie obtained power and prestige
  usually denied to non-nobles, and even the
  possibility of becoming noble

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End of War and Louis XIV

• 1713
• Treaty of Utrecht ended the War of Spanish
  succession which involved a Bourbon successor to
  the throne which was a concern to other monarchs
  throughout Europe as this might upset a balance
  of power
• Philip was allowed to remain King of Spain as
  long as the thrones of France and Spain were not
  united
• Louis died in 1715 - prompting great celebration
  throughout France

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Gardens of Versailles
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Imagery at Versailles (Le Roi Soleil)
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France after 100 years War 1453
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Four major powers in Europe early 16th century
prior to Louis XIV
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Europe The Age of Absolutism
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Charles V

• Hapsburg remnants of Holy Roman Empire began with
  Otto I (936 973)
• Charles V (Holy Roman Empire) (1500-1558), Holy
  Roman emperor (1519-1558), and,as Charles I,
  king of Spain (1516-1556),
• Has to fight the Ottomans
• Has a diverse and separated empire to hold
  together
• Watches it begin to disintegrate
• Signs the Peace of Augsburg (1555) to resolve
  some of the religious conflict and thereby gives
  up a great deal of authority over his Germanic
  dominions

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Empire issues

• Plus ultra to describe his empire
• His reference is to Even further for his empire
• King of Spain
• Emperor of Holy Roman Empire
• Includes the Netherlands because of Spanish
  Empire
• Born in Ghent (his father Phillip ruled the
  Netherlands and was Duke of Burgundy)
• Spoke French as his first language
• Also Kingdom of Naples as heir to Aragon
• Iron hand in a velvet glove

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Centralization

• Attempted to create a constitution, and increase
  its financial and military strength.
• An agreement was reached as to how the estates of
  the realm should share in its government,
  according to a scheme called the
  Reichsregimenthow the expenses of the imperial
  chamber etc. were to be met and how the estates
  were to furnish the emperor military assistance
  in war
• Too many realms and divisions
• Empire was not contiguous

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1700 Europe After the 1648 Peace of Westphalia
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1700 Europe
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The Global Empire of Charles V
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Economic and political stability

• With individuals Charles dealt still more
  effectivelyin Spain chiefly with the burghers,
  in the Netherlands with the higher nobility.
• The latter he won to his support by bestowing on
  them the most important offices and holding out
  hopes of the Golden Fleece
• the former he hoped to win by leaving them the
  control of taxation, so that they might regulate
  it uniformly, and therefore less oppressively
• Church benefices
• Textile regulation in the Netherlands

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Spain

• In Spain the opposition to Charles' policies was
  found in the Cortes and in the city governments,
  but still more among the lesser nobility, the
  Hidalgueria, who resisted all agricultural
  progress as well as the emperor's external policy

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Rebuttal- Charles gives up

• There is just too much going on around me for me
  to hold this realm together. Turks to the east,
  natives in the Americas, economic changes in the
  Netherlands and religious problems throughout.
  Although I tried, no one policy could pull it all
  together

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Frederick William the Great ElectorPrussia

• 1640-1688
• Frederick William I (ruled 1709-1710)
• his grandson Frederick the Great (1710-1740)
• Hohenzollern
• Brandenburg
• Combined territories to form Prussia

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Frederick William the Elector of Prussia
Brandenburg to Hohenzollern (r. 1640-1688)
Frederick William I

• The Prussian Army
• The General War Commissariat
• The militarized state
• The deal with the Junkers
• Inviting immigrants
• Mercantilist economics
• Left the Prussian empire economically sound, with
  an efficient military, and centralized authority

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Militarism

• The Great Elector increased taxes threefold and
  increased the size of his army tenfold
• Had an army of 40,000 which was the fourth
  largest in Europe
• Recruited men who were over 6 foot tall
• Created the bureaucratic agency called the
  General War Commissariat to levy taxes for the
  army and administer its growth

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General War Commissariat1688

• established to levy taxes needed to support the
  Army and its growth.
• became an civil government agency as well.
• Commissariats was used to govern everything.
• Had to be strangers to the district for which
  they were appointed
• This agencies help centralize power and allowed
  for Fredrick Williams successors

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Absolutism in Prussia

• Holy Roman Empire fragmented after the 30 Years
  War (1618-1648)
• Frederick William, the Great Elector of
  Brandenburg-Prussia (r. 1640-1688)
• Turned small collection of German states into
  rising European power
• Made deal with Junkers
• Prussian nobles
• Junkers allowed him to raise taxes to pay army,
  in return, Frederick allowed them complete
  control over their serfs
• Created the War Commissariat

Prussian Grenadier
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Count von von Seckendorf ambassador from Vienna
comments on the Prussian military

• It is certain that nowhere in the world one can
  see troops comparable with the Prussians for
  beauty, cleanliness, and order. Although in
  drill, training, and marching much is forced and
  affected, nearly everything is useful and
  efficient. Besides, it must be admitted that the
  army and the troops lack nothing that is needed.
  The soldiers number 70,000, and every regiment
  has at least a hundred more men than the normal
  figure. The Arsenal is superabundantly provided
  with field artillery and siege artillery, and
  only the teams are missing. Moreover, there is
  such an enormous store of powder, shot, and
  shells as if a great war was threatening. In
  Berlin and all about Brandenburg one sees as many
  troops moving as one saw in Vienna during the
  last war against the Turks. All this activity is
  directed by the King in person, and only by him.
  Besides, he looks after the whole public
  administration in all its branches With such care
  and thoroughness that not a thaler note a
  monetray unitis spent unless he has given his
  signature. Those who do not see it cannot believe
  that there is any man in the world, however
  intelligent and able he may be, who can settle so
  many things personally in a single day as
  Frederick William the First, who works from 3
  o'clock in the morning till 10, and spends the
  rest of' the day in looking after and drilling
  his army....

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Deal with the Junkers

• In order to eliminate the power that the members
  of the nobility could exercise in their
  provincial Estates-General, Frederick William
  made a deal with the Junkers. 
• In return for a free hand in running the
  government (in other words, for depriving the
  provincial Estates of their power), he gave the
  nobles almost unlimited power over their
  peasants, exempted them from taxation, and
  awarded them the highest ranks in the army and
  the Commissariat with the understanding that they
  would not challenge his political control. 
• As for the peasants, the nobles were allowed to
  appropriate their land and bind them to the soil
  as serfs (Spiel.4th Ed. 436-7).

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Prussia
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Religious toleration led to financial security

• Many Hugeonots migrated to Prussia (Edict of
  Potsdam 1685)
• Frederick William positively encouraged religious
  toleration as he believed that it would benefit
  his state. Jews and Roman Catholics were both
  tolerated in Brandenburg -Prussia as long as they
  had a talent Frederick William wanted for
  Brandenburg-Prussia. Frederick William was
  especially keen to tempt Huguenots to
  Brandenburg-Prussia as they had a European
  reputation for expertise in business.
• In 1672, a French Protestant Church was
  established in Berlin and, in total, about
  100,000 Huguenots came to Brandenburg-Prussia
  ands greatly assisted in her modernisation.
• By 1700, one-third of Berlins population was
  Huguenot and their skills allowed
  Brandenburg-Prussia to develop a flourishing
  candle and paper-making trade, mirror and glove
  manufacturing etc. Frederick William himself
  estimated that religious toleration increased
  Brandenburg-Prussias population by 33.

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Rebuttal by Junker

• According to the RECESS, although I can now do as
  I please with my territory and the workers cannot
  leave me, I am afraid to confront the Great
  Elector because he has used my money to create
  such a great army, I can longer oppose anything
  he does. What am I to do?
• He is using my money, my hard earned profits from
  my estates, to buy his army which he then uses
  against me.
• I guess I will have to go join the army.

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Succeeded by Enlightened

• Frederick the Great (Frederick II -1712-1786)
• "first servant of the state."
• Prussian Hohenzollern
• Started the 7 Years War (1756-1753)
• Impacted three world regions Europe, North
  America, South Asia
• Treaty of Hubertusburg

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Shah Abbas(1588-1629) Safavids (1501 -1732)

• Obscure origin which is most probably Sunni and
  Kurdish, the Safavids (named after a sufi master,
  Shaykh Safi)
• forged for themselves an illustrious genealogy
  that goes back to Ali, and proceeded to forcibly
  change Iran into a Shiite state.
• In the process they shaped the modern image of
  the Iranian nation.
• The greatest Safavid monarch,
• he moved the capital to Isfahan in 1598,
• built there a royal city that extended to the
  south of the old city and connected it with the
  Zayandeh river via a wide avenue, the Chahar Bagh
  (Four Gardens) Avenue.

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Shah Abbas Mosque - Isfahan
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Safavid Empire
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Cultural control

• 1st Safavid ruler to conquer the territory of
  Persia was a 14-year-old boy by the name of
  Ismael (Shah Ismael Shah being the title the
  Safavids used for "emperor").
• Ismael lived up to the legend of descent from
  Muhammad in his exploits.
• He was apparently quite devout, and seemed also
  to be unable to lose a military campaign.
• His "red cap" army was absolutely devoted to him,
  and took extreme risks in his name.
• Ismael established the first Safavid Capitol City
  in Isfahan, and went on to rule according to
  Islamic principles.
• His claim to descent from the 12th Imam meant, of
  course, that he had to rule according to Shiite,
  rather than Sunni principles of Islam, and he and
  his successors were often quite brutal in forcing
  their subjects to become Shiite Muslims (the
  majority had been Sunni prior to the Safavid
  arrival).
• To do this, subjects often were required to prove
  their change by cursing the names of the first
  three Caliphs
• There were often small uprisings as a result and
  the red cap army of the Shah had to remain
  large and significant

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Centralization

• local Qezelbash chiefs had grown wealthy in land
  and in collecting taxes.
• Abbas put to death many of the Qizilbash
  tribesmen who had traditionally been associated
  with Safavid rule up to this point, and instead
  surrounded himself with an elite household guard.
• He used slaves as governmental officials
• thousands of Georgian, Circassian and Armenian
  prisoners captured in campaigns fought in the
  Caucasus in the 1540s and 1550s. Female slaves
  entered the royal harem, becoming mothers of
  princes and a force in court politics and
  dynastic quarrels.
• Some of the male slaves began to acquire
  positions of influence, under Shah Abbas I,
  reaching high offices that challenged the
  supremacy of the Qezelbash.

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Military

• He recruited soldiers from Persian villages and
  from among Christians, Georgians, Circassian,
  Armenians and others, equipped them with
  artillery and muskets.
• The Christians were proud to serve the shah and
  to call themselves "Ghulams" (boys) of the shah
  although slaves they were not.
• To finance the new army, Shah Abbas converted
  large pieces of land traditionally granted to
  tribal chiefs as assignments into crown lands
  that he taxed directly.
• This new military force was trained on European
  lines with the advice of Robert Sherley.
• Sherley was an English adventurer expert in
  artillery tactics who, accompanied by a party of
  cannon founders, reached Qazvin with his brother
  Anthony Sherley in1598.
• In a short time Shah Abbas created a formidable
  army, consisting of cavalry, infantry and
  artillery.

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Military reorganizationcreated a national army

• Hired Robert and Anthony Sherley British
  mercaneries to help reshape his military
• Three bodies of troops were formed, all trained
  and armed in the European manner and paid out of
  the royal treasury the ghulams (slaves), the
  tofongchis (musketeers), and the topchis
  (artillerymen).
• With his new army, Abbas defeated the Ottoman
  Turks in 1603, forcing them to relinquish all the
  territory they had seized, and captured Baghdad.
• He also expelled (1602,1622) the Portuguese
  traders who had seized the island of Hormuz in
  the Persian Gulf in the 16th century.
• Shah Abbas remarkable reign, with its striking
  military successes and efficient administrative
  system, raised Iran to the status of a great
  power.

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Economic Stability

• His domestic policy was marked by a real interest
  in building up the infrastructure for a
  successful economy. New roads and bridges were
  built and he imported skilled merchants from
  Armenia to help build up the silk trade with
  India.
• As part of the stabilization process he enforced
  adherence to Shi'ism and acceptance of Farsi as
  the national language.

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Economic and Religious stability

• Created a monopoly within his empire to profit
  from the production of silk and silk carpets
• adherence to Shi'ism
• Tolerant of Christianity and allowed many
  churches to be built and allowed Christians to
  dress in what they wanted and allowed them to own
  property within the empire
• Mosques Masjid i Shah and the Masjid i Sheykh
  Lotfollah and other monuments including the Ali
  Qapu, the Ghehel Sotun, and the Meydan-i Shah.

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Cultural Mecca

• Philosphers an Scientists
• Molla Sadra, Mir Damad,
• Sheikh Baha-e-Din Ameli, or Sheikh Bahai
• a great philosopher and scientist.
• created a system of heating in a public bath that
  would provide enough warm water for people to
  bathe with the power of a single candle

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Great Monarch

• He used Western economic principles and allied
  with westerns to defeat the Ottomans and the
  Portuguese providing stability to his empire
• With this stability he built a new city,
  encouraged new schools to be built, and fostered
  the arts demonstrated in the many new types of
  patterns of carpets and new and different types
  of mosques that were built

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Rebuttal by Qezelbash chiefs

• As he takes our land and uses the profits to pay
  the Ghulams he takes away the religious strength
  of our empire. We made him what he is through
  our organization and he tries to take what we
  have built over many generations. He doesnt
  serve our empire and our religion he serves
  himself with great palaces and a great harem.

54
Queen Nzinga

• 1583-1663
• Known as the Queen Warrior
• Took the name Pande Dona Ana Souza
• Centralized the Mbundu a Bantu Zulu tribe in
  Western Africa

55
Trading Posts

• Along the Atlantic coast of Africa, the
  Portuguese established trade forts and trading
  posts, the most important of which was El Mina.
• Forts normally existed with the consent of local
  rulers, who benefited from European trade.
• The initial Portuguese ports were located in the
  gold- producing region, where the Europeans
  penetrated already extant African trade routes.
• From the coast, Portuguese traders slowly
  penetrated inland to establish new trade links.
  In addition to trade, the Portuguese brought
  missionaries, who attempted to convert the royal
  families of Benin, Kongo, and other coastal
  kingdoms.
• Only in Kongo, where Nzinga Mvemba accepted
  conversion, did the missionaries enjoy success.

56
Centralization of tribes against the Portuguese

• Queen Nzingha of Ndongo belonged to the Mbundu, a
  large and ancient ethnic group that lived in
  modern-day Angola.
• The Mbundu were divided into tribes, including
  the Songo, Lenge, Libolo, Hungu, Pende, Ndongo,
  and Imbangala.
• Every group was made up of clans descended from
  their mother's side of the family.
• Every clan was identified with their mother's
  clan and all the marriages were marriages between
  clans related maternally. Nzingha's family ruled
  the Ndongo people.

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Limited by History Queen NzingaKINGDOM OF
NDONGO

• Converted to Christianity to enhance her
  political dealings with the Portuguese who had
  shifted their slave trading from the west coast
  of Africa to the tribal land of the Mbundu
  (became known as Angola)
• Married a local tribal chief, uniting their
  tribes in their quest to expel the Portuguese
• She later allied with the Dutch in an effort to
  expel the Portuguese
• In1624 she named all those in Angola to be free,
  encouraging captives from all across Africa to
  come
• She renounced her Western name and her conversion
  and encouraged all of her subjects to do the same
• To her people she claimed her royal position
  simply as I Am, and they followed her by
  resisting the Portuguese for 40 years
• She provided sanctuary to runaway slaves and
  Portuguese-trained African soldiers and adopted a
  form of military organization known as kilombo,
  in which youths renounced family ties and were
  raised communally in militias.
• They used guerilla techniques for 20 years,
  disrupting the slave trade of the Portuguese
• She fought along side her soldiers, dressing like
  a man

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Africa 1700s (Congo)
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Kongo

• We cannot reckon how great the damage is, since
  the merchants daily seize our subjects, sons of
  the land and sons of our noblemen, vassals and
  relatives ... and cause them to be sold and so
  great, Sir, is their corruption and
  licentiousness that our country is being utterly
  depopulated. Afonso I, in a letter to King João
  of Portugal, 1526

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Alfonso thought he could use the Portuguese for
technology but they used him instead

• From 1514, the slave trade became an integral
  part of the economy. Afonsos attempts to control
  and later abolish the slave trade were futile, as
  the Portugese appetite for slaves was insatiable.
  
• By 1516, Kongo was exporting 4,000 slaves
  annually until 1540, when it increased to
  approximately 7,000.
• The Portugese pressed for more slaves, and the
  demands of the tribute system forced Afonso to
  comply with their excessive demands.
• The standard source of slaveswar captives and
  criminalswas drying up and new sourcesslave
  raiding and buying slaves from the Tio region
  with nzimbu shellswere found.
• The revenue from the slave trade financed the
  hiring of priests, artisans, and teachers, and
  purchased luxury items for the nobility.

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Rebuttal by Dutch Trader

• These Kongolese and Mbundu would best benefit if
  they helped us rid the countryside of the tribes
  competing with them. They could ally with us,
  expel the Portuguese who mistreat their people
  so, and help us conquer the other tribes. We
  would send the healthy men to the Americas and
  they could use the women and children to serve
  them.

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Islamic Gunpowder Empires
63
Akbar the Great of Mughal dynasty (1556-1605)

• Expanded territory westward
• Built the pillar of heads of fallen forces
• Gave Calcutta to the British
• Provided cotton textiles to the west
• Undercut the Ottomans contacts and forced them
  into competition with the western Christians
• He rebuilt the military and administrative system
• Married a Rajiput princess
• Repealed the jiza (tax on non-Muslims), an act
  which favored the Rajiputs
• Suceeded by Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb
• Akbarnama, or three volume history of Akbar
  chronicles the Mughal dynasty back to Timur

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Religious toleration

• founder of the Din-i-Ilahi faith
• Merged Hinduism and Islam but also had Christian,
  Janism and even Zorastacism
• Idea that no one religion held the idea of truth
• Allowed other religions to flourish
• Restored Hindu temples

65
Administration and building

• Navratnas
• Nine court jewels or administrators
• Divided the expanded government into Sarkar(s)
• Moved the court from Delhi to Fatehpur Sikri and
  built a series of forts which were added to by
  his successor shifted to Agra Red Fort
• Fatepur Sikri was abandoned due to lack of water

66
Centralization

• Rajiputs, warrior class, provided administration
  helped collect new tax
• Cadaster
• Based on income producing instead of value
• Abolished the jizya(h)

67
Babur on India
Without means and resources there is no empire
and conquest, and without lands and followers
there is no sovereignty and rule. - The
Babur-nama in English
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Mughal Empire Akbar Shah Jahan
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Ming and Qing Dynasties
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Ming to Qing (Manchu)

• "By Qing times after 1644 the non-Chinese Inner
  Asian ingredient of military control had been
  absorbed into chinas social-political system.
  The symbiosis of China with Inner Asians (Manchus
  and Mongols) confirmed and perfected the
  Neo-Confucian order. It was an agrarian-nomadic-bu
  reaucratic style distinctly different from the
  industrial-military- entrepreneurial style then
  developing among the Western nations"

71
Kangxi (1661-1722)Manchu Qing Ching Ching

• The Chinese political and social order is at its
  height in this "late imperial" period of the last
  two dynasties the examination system has, from
  the Tang dynasty onward, created a strong
  centralized and fully functional civil service in
  place of an aristocratic elite with a territorial
  base of power.
• Scholar-gentry, residing at home as they study
  for the next level of examination or await
  official appointment, support the work of the
  appointed district magistrate (who, by
  regulation, cannot be from the district) and form
  one elite class of Confucian literati that
  governs China.

72
Manchu outsiders

• Kangxi Emperor always spoke Chinese with a Manchu
  accent.
• This reflects the fact that Kangxi had a decent
  but not a perfect Chinese education, and is
  symbolic of the fact that he always remained a
  Manchu in his values.
• He was sympathetic to Chinese culture, knew a
  fair amount about it, but he always approached it
  as a sympathetic outsider.
• In other words, he was a perfect example of the
  kind of Manchu aristocrat it would take to rule
  China
• a conquest ethnic aristocrat acculturated to, but
  not swallowed up by the Chinese host culture.
• Original astrophysical studies and correspondence
  in Manchu and he later did NOT encourage the
  translation of these into Mandarin for the
  scientists

73
Increase in population under his watch

• triple cropping of rice caused the population of
  China to more than double from between 180
  million in 1700 to 400 million in 1800

74
Kangxis martial exploits and achievements

• Incorporation of Taiwan by defeating and subduing
  the Ming loyalist Zheng Chenggong his
  successors (1683)
• Defeating the Russians in the north signed the
  treaty of Nerchinsk
• Won the war against Three Feudatories
• Won the war against Western Mongols who
  controlled Tibet
• 1720, Qing entered Tibet installed a
  pro-Chinese Dalai Lama

75
Emperor Kangxi (1662-1722)

• The unification of the Jurchen tribes under
  Nurgaci (1559-1626)
• The Banner system a military-civilian unit of
  120-278 companies),
• Ethnicity based units 8 Banners for each
  ethnicity of Manchu, Mongol, and Chinese
• Kangxi, the second emperor, consolidated the
  Manchu rule, creating the Golden Age of Qing in
  17-18 centuries

76
Kangxis political economic policy

• Two-sided policy toward the Chinese elite
• The continuity of Chinese traditions
• A patron of Confucianism Chinese art the
  Kangxi Dictionary a special civil service
  examination
• Preservation of the Manchu identity and
  superiority and courting the Chinese loyalty
• Brutal suppression of any dissenting voice
• Tax reform one whip tax combining land and
  head taxies once accessed, the amount was fixed
  for 50 years

77
Ming Empire
78
The Ching Empire at its peak
79
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80
Manchu origins and expansion
81
The Qing Empire and tributaries 1700s
82
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83
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84
Rebuttal by Eunuch

• He does not allow us to pass along our material
  gains to our families

85
JAPAN
86
Tokugaw Iseyasu (1598-1616)

• Hideyoshi decreed in 1586 that farmers must stay
  on their land. In 1587 he decreed that only
  samurai would be allowed to carry the long sword,
  which would later define them as a class. As
  economic conditions changed, the shoguns were
  less successful, however, in maintaining the
  rigid boundaries separating the other classes
• eta were outcastes, forced to live in their own
  communities and avoided by other members of
  Japanese society.
• They held this low status due to their
  occupations, which were associated with death
  disposing of animal carcasses and tanning animal
  hides
• Responsible for distribution of the rice
• There were over 270 daimyo in Tokugawa Japan who
  received at least 10,000 koku (1 koku measurement
  of feeding one person for a year about 5 bushels)
  
• 1597 issued a third banning edict of Christianity
  and executed 26 Franciscan monks in Nagasaki

87
Road to partial isolation

• Within a century of the arrival of the Portuguese
  in Japan in 1543, they are followed by the Dutch
  and British who have battled to break the
  Portuguese and then Spanish control of the Asian
  spice trade.
• The East India companies established by the Dutch
  and British, respectively, become active in the
  early 1600s the Dutch (1609) and the British
  (1613) establish trading relations with the
  Japanese with bases on a Japanese island.
• In an effort to reestablish order in its
  international relations, however, the Tokugawa
  Shogunate prohibits trade with Western nations,
  prohibits Japanese from going abroad to trade
  (ending the unofficial piracy and trade on the
  China coast), and reaffirms Japan's official
  relations with China and Korea within the East
  Asian international structure.
• Following the "Act of Seclusion" (1636) setting
  forth these conditions, Japan is effectively
  "secluded" from interchange with Western Europe
  (but not with East Asia) for the next 200 years.
• Only the Dutch retain a small outpost on an
  island in Nagasaki Harbor books obtained from
  the Dutch are translated into Japanese and "Dutch
  learning" forms the basis of the Japanese
  knowledge of developments in the West throughout
  this period.
• Within East Asia, trade continues with the
  Koreans and Chinese, and exchange of goods and
  ideas with China is maintained. The East Asian
  political order, with China at the center is
  reinforced

88
Isolation

• First step taken was persecution of Christians,
  then banning of Christianity in 1614
• after 1616 foreign merchants limited to few ports
• by 1640s, only Dutch and Chinese admitted at
  Deshima
• Neo-Confucian philosophy gave way to the
  influence of thinkers who championed the school
  of "National Learning. based on indigenous
  Japanese culture
• differed from Chinese in maintaining oversight of
  European technological developments.

89
Tokugawa Japan
90
Osaka Castle. seized by forces of Tokugawa Ieyasu
in 1615
91
Tokugawa

• Daimyo
• fudai (inside) daimyo
• tozama (outside) daimyo
• Ronin
• "masterless" samurai, without a lord to answer
  to, but also without any definite means of
  support. The ronin might settle down in a
  particular location to teach or perform other
  duties, though many of them wandered the
  countryside, looking for gainful employment. Some
  sold their services as hired warriors to the
  highest daimyo bidder. Of the approximately 30
  million Japanese during the Tokugawa period,
  about 2 million were samurai.
• Bakufu
• Governing council

92
RebuttalPortuguese trader

• We have an opening into the empire as the
  Tokugawa need our saltpeter to continue their
  have viable threats against their hostages.
• We can only take so much Kabuki and Buddhism but
  will stay in Nagasaki for as long as it takes to
  push them out of their stronghold in Edo.

93
Peter the Great

• Prior to Peter the czars confiscated privately
  held lands in the conquered principalities and
  gave these estates to calvarymen who pledged
  continual military service in return. In the 16th
  century the streltsy, a regular infantry corps
  armed with firearms, was formed.
• The tsars now had an army of their own and were
  no longer dependent on the military forces raised
  by the boyars.
• Rise of the Romanov beginning with Michael
  selected by the boyars (zemsky sobor )
• Peter expanded Russia towards Europe and European
  interests and followed the Muscovy efforts to
  protect themselves from any further incursions of
  the Mongolian hordes.
• Peter's wars with the Ottoman Empire and Sweden
  indicated a westward shift in Russian expansion.
• Wanted a large army to expand Russian borders to
  for buffer zones
• Needed iron weapons, ships made of new metals and
  technologies as Russia had no navy, and needed
  guns for his very large army.

94
European Populations and Armies
95
Finance and control

• He implemented taxes on everything imaginable to
  include candles, nuts, boots, hats, horses,
  beehives, beards, chimneys, and drinking water
• In 1721, the church hierarchy was officially
  abolished by the Ecclesiastical Reservation and
  the church was placed under the control of the
  Holy Synod and was fully linked to the state.
• The 1721 Regulation specifically stated what the
  clergy could do
• it was designed to control their daily life so
  that they became an apparatus of the state.
• The task of the clergy was seen as two-fold
• to work for the state and to make their
  congregations totally submissive to the state by
  convincing them that Peter was all but God-like
  to ensure the population of Russia's total
  subordination to the crown

96
Education and culture

• In 1701, the School of Navigation and Maths was
  founded in Moscow.
• This was run by British teachers. In the same
  year, similar schools were created for artillery
  and languages.
• In 1707, a School of Medicine was created and in
  1712 a School of Engineering.
• Thirty maths schools were created in the
  provinces and in 1724, a year before Peter's
  death, a School of Science was established though
  the lack of scientists in Russia meant that it
  had to be initially staffed by foreigners.
• Young boyars required to attend
• Dress western european

97
Economic shift

• Remained significantly agriculturally based and
  dependent on the large coercive labor force
• Westernization was limited to the elite and
  aristocracy
• In 1718, two colleges were created for commerce
  and mines and manufacturing.
• His technological advancements were to obtain
  self-sufficiency in building his navy and guns
• Under state direction, factories of all types
  were developed.
• Prices were fixed by the state and the state had
  the right to be the first purchaser from the
  producers - but at a price fixed by the state.
• Private businesses could make a profit only on
  the surplus of produce which the state did not
  want and many successful enterprises were simply
  taken over by the state.

98
Coercive labor

• Barshchina is the labour, mostly agricultural,
  performed by a Russian peasant or serf for a
  landlord, whether the church, the state, or an
  individual landowner.
• Barshchina originated in Kievan Rus and became
  widespread in the later part of the Mongol Yoke,
  when agricultural production increased.
• The labour was performed one day weekly in the
  fifteenth century, and increased to three days in
  the seventeenth century.
• In 1797, it was forbidden to work on Sundays.
• Both men and women performed the labour, and
  children began limited services at age fourteen.
• Barshchina often included sowing, reaping and
  bringing in crops constructing buildings and
  fences and keeping them in repair hunting and
  fishing spinning flax brewing beer baking
  bread working in flour and weaving mills making
  bricks and carting goods to market.
• Barshchina did not end in 1861, as freed peasants
  had to meet their obligations to former landlords
  for two years or until they had redeemed their
  land from the landlord.
• Obrok is rent paid for the use of land, either in
  kind (i.e. poultry, eggs, meat, honey, cloth,
  grain) or in money.
• Obrok was more widespread than barshchina from
  the thirteenth to the early sixteenth century.
• Obrok decreased in the sixteenth century, as the
  practice of service-tenure landholding developed.
  
• In the eighteenth century, obrok was more
  predominant in areas of poorer farmland and where
  trade was developed, and more commonplace among
  church and crown peasants.
• With the development of peasant trade in the
  second half of the eighteenth century, their was
  more widespread payment of obrok in money rather
  than in kind.
• Generally, peasants who paid obrok had more
  economic freedom than those who performed
  barshchina.
• After 1861, obrok was replaced by the system of
  redemption payments.

99
Peter the Great r.1682-1725

• The Russian official rank system was based on
  Peter the Greats decree
  of 4 February 1722 that provided
  a system for equivalencies of ranks among
  the army branches and the civilian
  service.
• The Table comprised of 14 classes of ranks and
  civilian positions, although it did not extend
  top the lower levels of service.
• It remained in effect with slight modifications
  until the October Revolution of 1917.
• As Peter the Great launched his reforms in
  Russia in early 1700s, it became evident that a
  new system of promotion was required to organize
  his new army and society.
• That was particularly important for the nobility
  who were obliged under Peters decrees to serve
  in the army.
• In addition, as he formed his army along the
  European lines, Peter the Great endeavored to
  simplify the transfers from one branch of service
  to another as well as determining the precedence
  of the officials in civilian service and court.

100
St. Petersburg "Peters Window on the West" and
"Venice of the North Also the city built on
bones
101
Rebuttal from a boyar

• His liking for the crudest sort of practical
  jokes, and the grossness of many aspects of life
  at the Russian court, were certainly not without
  parallels elsewhere in Europe. Nevertheless, they
  were carried to lengths which foreign observers
  witnessed with a mixture of horror, amusement,
  and astonishment. One of them noted in October
  1698 that at another banquet 'Boyar Golovin has,
  from his cradle, a natural horror of salad and
  vinegar so the Czar directing Colonel Chambers
  to hold him tight, forced salad and vinegar into
  his mouth and nostrils, until the blood flowing
  from his nose succeeded his violent coughing.'
• A.G. Dickens (Ed.). The Courts of Europe
  Politics, Patronage and Royalty 1400-1800.
  McGraw-Hill, 1977

102
Rebuttal from a Cossack

• Peter doesnt ride like the wind like we do
• He gave us promises
• We agreed to move into the new areas and in
  return we were suppose to be able to control
• We keep our horses and our traditions and one day
  will take over and these Rus will submit to our
  culture
• Pugachev Rebellion supported by the Cossacks

103
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104
Growth of Russia
105
Suleiman1494-1566r. 1520 1566
106
Ottomans

• The Ottomans had a high tolerance of alien
  cultures and religions
• The men of the ruling Dynasty, the house of
  Osman, always married women with mixed heritage,
  Turkish, Greek, Arab, Russian, Serbian, thus
  themselves were mixed.
• Janissaries
• Allowed conquered regions to tax themselves and
  govern under their civil law a system known as
  the millet
• Later developed the devshirme in conqueored
  regions which provided the young boys who as
  trained and educated became the Janissaries

107
Suleiman the Lawgiver

• Kunan has grown to be a signficant part of
  Shariah (teachings)
• kanun-i 'Osmani
• Adapted the Yasa and the Shari
• Patron of Sinan - one of the greatest and most
  prolific mosque builder
• over 80
• Mosque of Suleiman
• Wrote under the nom de plume of Muhibbi, the
  Loving
• Between 83 210 collected poems

108
To a women in his harem

• Throne of my lonely niche, my wealth, my love,
  my moonlight.My most sincere friend, my
  confidant, my very existence, my SultanThe most
  beautiful among the beautiful...My springtime,
  my merry faced love, my daytime, my sweetheart,
  laughing leaf...My plants, my sweet, my rose,
  the one only who does not distress me in this
  world...My Istanbul, my Caraman, the earth of my
  AnatoliaMy Badakhshanmy Baghdad, my KhorasanMy
  woman of the beautiful hair, my love of the
  slanted brow, my love of eyes full of
  mischief...I'll sing your praises alwaysI,
  lover of the tormented heart, Muhibbi of the eyes
  full of tears, I am happy.

109
Growth in the military under Suleyman -Devsirme

• Janissary army from 12,000 to between 35-40,000
• Needed to stop the incursions of Shah Abbas of
  the Safavid Empire
• Janissaries were conscripted from Christian
  families and defined as property of the Sultan
• The Janissaries were subject to strict rules,
  limiting their freedom and demanding higher moral
  standards than usual in the society.
• In the first couple of centuries, they were
  forced to celibacy, but this would later change.
• The janissaries were not allowed to grow beard,
  which was the sign of a free man.
• They were even denied contact with the normal
  society in the areas were they were stationed.
• Through their training, they were learned to put
  their allegiance to the bey/sultan.
• Studied literature, law, calligraphy, theology,
  and languages
• despite strict rules, they enjoyed high living
  standards and a social status which intended to
  give logic and force to their loyalty.
• over time, the Janissaries were so successful
  that they grew into one of the strongest power
  institutions in the empire.
• They could exercise this strength to influence
  the policy and to defend their own interests.
• Under Suleyman they began to marry and people
  within the empire could apply to become a
  Janissary

110
Other religions were tolerated

• Jizah
• Tax on the dhimmi
• Millet system
• Allowed many different nationalities to coexist
  within the growing Ottoman Empire
• Eventually caused rift within the empire in the
  1800s resulting in the Tanzimat Reforms which
  ceased to recognize the system

111
Ottoman
112
Rebuttal

• They have taken me from my home although they
  allow me to convert to Islam I am away from my
  family
• I wield great power as my cohorts have become
  ministers but he is allowing others in the
  bureaucracy to make decisions including those
  women in the harem
• He spends too much time writing and building and
  needs to fight his wars
• I wish he would allow me to grow a beard

113
Enlightened Monarchs

• Catherine the Great
• Joseph II of Austria (HRE)
• Frederick II (Frederick the Great) (1740 1786)

114
Czars

• Romanovs begin with Michael
• Evolution of concept of Russia begins in Kievan
  Rus to Duchy of Muscovy and Muscovites occupation
  of Mongolians known in Russia as the Golden Horde
• Ivan III and Ivan IV drive out the Mongolians
• Time of Troubles results in the selection of
  Michael Romanov

115
Growth of the Russian Empire Ancient Slavic
Centers 800s - 1200s http//www.uwec.edu/bawdent/g
eog150/Powerpoints/Section203/russia.human.ppt2
Novgorod
Moscow
Kiev
116
Catherine the Great r. 1762-1796

• Expanded territories
• Alaska
• Parts of Siberia
• Pacific coast of North America as far south as
  California
• Poland (180,000 sq mi)
• Crimea
• Turkish Wars involved over 3 million peasants and
  lasted for 10 years

117
Catherine Great or Not

• Supported the arts, literature, and theater
• Hermitage and required French to be spoken at her
  court
• Voltaire and ideas of the Enlightenment
• Ideas were not enacted
• Extended serfdom increasing numbers and later
  problems
• Edict and pogroms
• Pogrom - from the Russian word meaning "to wreak
  havoc," a pogrom is an organized attack, often a
  massacre, against a minority group
• Russia saw a progressive intensification of
  serfdom while the West was relaxing this
  institution in favor of other labor systems.
• Further Westernized the nobility who began to
  speak French at court
• Acquired vast new territories
• Won control of the southern Crimea region which
  provided a warm water port
• Acquired Polish territory in the east to provide
  greater European ties
• Moved Eastward all the way to the Pacific
• 1773 - Yemelyan Pugachev led a Cossack rebellion
  against the monarchy that also developed into a
  revolt against serf owners. Romanov troops
  crushed the revolt in 1774, and Catherine
  strengthened the oppressive serf laws
• Created the Pale of the Settlement (already
  expelled from Russia in 1742 now part as
  Partition of Poland)

118
Religious Intolerance

• From 1791 until 1915, the Jews living in Eastern
  Europe were confined by the Czars of Russia --
  starting with Catherine the Great -- to an area
  known as the "Pale of Settlement" (meaning
  "borders of settlement").
• The Pale consisted of 25 provinces that included
  Ukraine, Lithuania, Belorussia, Crimea, and part
  of Poland (which had been partitioned between
  Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772).
• Jews were specifically expelled from Moscow and
  St. Petersburg and forced into the Pale.

119
Enlightened Despot

• In 1767 Catherine summoned an assembly to draft a
  new code of laws for Russia and gave detailed
  instructions to the members about the principles
  they should apply.
• The proposed code never went into effect.
• The code drips with "enlightend language"
• What is the true End of Monarchy? Not to deprive
  People of their natural Liberty but to correct
  their Actions, in order to attain the supreme
  Good.
• This Equality requires Institutions so well
  adapted, as to prevent the Rich from oppressing
  those who are not so wealthy as themselves, and
  converting all the Charges and Employments
  intrusted to them as Magistrates only, to their
  own private Emolument....
• the reality of government in Russia was rather
  different.
• The tsarist government combined a real monopoly
  of formal politics by a central administration,
  but over noble-owned estates the power of the
  government was nonexistent.

120
From Decree on Serfs (1767)

• The Governing Senate. . . has deemed it necessary
  to make known gt that the landlords' serfs and
  peasants . . . owe their landlords proper
  submission and absolute obedience in all matters,
  according to the laws r that have been enacted
  from time immemorial by the autocratic
  forefathers of Her Imperial Majesty and which
  have not been repealed, and which provide that
  all persons who dare to incite serfs and peasants
  to disobey their landlords shall be arrested and
  taken to the nearest government office, there to
  be punished forthwith as disturbers of the public
  tranquillity, according to the laws and without
  leniency. And should it so happen that even after
  the publication of the present decree of Her
  Imperial Majesty any serfs and peasants should
  cease to give the proper obedience to their
  landlords . . . and should make bold to submit
  unlawful petitions complaining of their
  landlords, and especially to petition Her
  Imperial Majesty personally, then both those who
  make the complaints and those who write up the
  petitions shall be punished by the knout and
  forthwith deported to Nerchinsk to penal
  servitude for life and shall be counted as part
  of the quota of recruits which their landlords
  must furnish to the army. And in order that
  people everywhere may know of the present decree,
  it shall be read in all the churches on Sundays
  and holy days for one month after it is received
  and therafter once every year during the great
  church festivals, lest anyone pretend ignorance.
  
• From A Source Book for Russian History, G.
  Vernadsky, trans. (New Haven Yale University
  Press, 1972), Vol. 2, pp. 453-454.

121
Political and Economic Administration

• massively reorganized local governments in 1775,
  but, unlike the Prussians, she created a civil
  bureaucracy, not of all ranks of society, but of
  the nobility.
• She was, after all, intensely aware of her
  precarious hold on power she had gotten this
  power through a palace coup by the nobility.
• Her most dramatic reforms came in the economic
  sphere.
• set about eliminating trade barriers such as
  taxes and tariffs, and worked hard to build up
  the Russian middle class.
• issued charters granting or outlining all the
  rights available to individual towns in an effort
  to spur productivity and the growth of wealth.

122
Growth of Russia
123
Joseph II r. 1765 1790HRE

• Abolished serfdom
• Eliminated the death penalty
• Established a principle of equality before the
  law for all people
• Enacted religious reforms

124
Religious reforms

• Joseph also sought to bring the Catholic church
  under his control.
• First, he made it illegal for any clergy to
  communicate directly to the pope or the Vatican.
• He shut down over six hundred monasteries and
  convents and claimed monastic lands for himself.
• He also shut down all the seminaries and replaced
  them with his own in these new seminaries,
  prospective priests would be taught to obey him
  rather than the pope.
• These policies effectively ended any influence
  that the Catholic church had over Austrian
  peoples.

125
Toleration

• In 1781, he declared the Toleration Patent, which
  declared that all Lutherans, Greek Orthodox, and
  Calvinist churches could freely worship without
  official harassment.
• These separate denominations were also allowed to