Neoanalytic Approach

1
Chapter 3

• Neoanalytic Approach

2
Theories Discussed In this Chapter

• Ego Psychology
• Object Relations
• Self Psychology
• Relational Psychoanalysis

3
Background

• All consider themselves as direct intellectual
  descendent of Freud but extend, or deviate
  (slightly or significantly) from orthodox
  psychoanalysis
• Offer relational psychoanalysis
• Main difference with Freud conceptualizations
  of motivation
• Drive theory (sex aggression)
• Similarity Relationship with the primary
  caretaker
• Do not add any new clinical techniques

4
Background

• Freud was objective positivist but these tend to
  be relativistic constructivist thinkers
• Emphasize the relationship between therapist
  client (by itself) as curative (beyond the
  insight gained through analysis of transference)
• Varied views of human nature
• There is a controversy about how to divide up
  current psychoanalytic thoughts into camps

5
Evaluation

• Very difficult to read understand
• Complicated style of writing hard to understand
  terminology
• Even when the term is not hard to understand,
  writers work at the abstract level (e.g.,
  narcissism, envy)
• Less comprehensive than other theories
• Several of them focus on specific clients (e.g.,
  Kohuts focus on narcissism), and may not be
  applicable t other types of clients
• Very difficult to observe

6
Evaluation

• Though the terminology varies from writer to
  writer, creating the perception that there are
  many variants of neoanalytic thought, actually
  many of their ideas and concepts are similar to
  one another
• Loosely valid, empirically
• Strenghts
• Are useful in dealing with clients with severe
  distruption in their lives
• The only theorists who wrote extensively about
  personality disorders

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Ego Pschology(EP)
8
Overview

• Focused on the functions of the ego
• Anna Freud
• Added attention to the adaptive functions of the
  ego
• Contributed to the defensive functions of the ego
• Hartmann
• Freed the ego from subservience to superego id
• Mahler
• Suggested a model of ego growth

9
Central Constructs

• Structural model
• Retain Freuds original structural model
• Energized with sex and aggressive drive
• Emphasize Ego functioning
• Hartman Ego
• Develops independent of the id Has its own
  source of energy

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Central Constructs

• Defenses (Anna F.)
• Altruistic Surrender
• Turning-against-self
• Asceticism
• Reversal

11
Central Constructs

• Conflict-free sphere (Hartman)
• Not all the psychological life is driven by
  conflict between id, ego, superego, environment

12
Central Constructs

• Average expectable environment (Hartman)
• If exists, the infant will adapt, and grow in
  healthy ways
• Problem arises when the infant is not in this
  type of environment

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Theory of Person Development

• Mahler
• Development Symbiosis ? separation ?
  individuation

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Health

• Accept the version of psychological health
  proposed by Freud, i.e.,
• In addition to that

15
Dysfunction

• Like Freud
• Unlike Freud
• Mahler Mother not providing an enough secure
  base ? child will have problem in establishing
  independency, or developing autonomous ego

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Nature of Therapy

• Assessment
• Very little formal assessment (using DSM)
• Goal
• Similar to Freud

17
Nature of Therapy

• Roles of Client Counselor

18
Therapeutic Techniques

• The same as classical psychoanalysis

19
Object Relations(OR)
20
Overview

• Melanie Klein, Fairbairn, Winnicott, Otto
  Kernberg
• The word Object stemming directly from Freud,
  using it as the target of the instinct
• Reject classic drive theory
• Suggest we seek objects (i.e., other people)
• Not for satisfying instinctual drives

21
Central Constructs

• Objects
• External
• Internal
• Internalized objects become a part of the childs
  self

22
Central Constructs

• Projection, Introjection Splitting
• Ways of relating to the breast the emotions
  related to it
• The aim protecting self integrity (managing good
  bad affect)

23
Theory of Person Development

• The self develops thorough interaction with
  others, building psychic structure through
  internalization of the objects

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Health Dysfunction

• Dysfunction a result of faulty early
  development,
• Fairbairn
• Infants repress threatening objects she is
  doing without some aspects of herself ?
• Becomes terrified of abandonment ?

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Nature of Therapy

• Assessment No formal assessment
• Therapeutic atmosphere Role of Client/Counselor
• Therapy relationship as replicating the early
  relationship with the caregiver
• Goal

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Therapeutic Techniques

• Relationship (as it compensates the missing part
  in clients life)
• Interpretation (esp of transference)
• Techniques used in Transference Focused
  psychotherapy

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Self Psychology(SP)
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Overview

• Founder Heniz Kohut
• Worked with narcissistic personalities
• Focus on the -------------
• Did not reject the drive theory completely, but
  reserved it for cases with neuroses

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Central Constructs

• Selfobject
• Disintegration anxiety

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Theory of Person Development

• Development of a healthy self requires
  satisfactory relationships with parents, which
  requires
• Two processes
• Mirroring
• Idealizing
• Two selfobjects
• Grandiose
• Idealized parental imago
• Requires idealizing

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Health Dysfunction

• Healthy people ----------------------- (called
  structurally complete)
• Dysfunction is self-related --------------------
• Cause of pathology ------------------------ ?
  Extreme emotional reactions to threat

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Nature of Therapy

• Assessment
• The Therapeutic Atmosphere Roles
• Client is patient
• Goals
• Correcting deficits in self structure

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Process of Therapy

• Interpretation (esp. of transference)
• The goal of therapy
• Understanding always precedes explanation

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Therapeutic Techniques

• --------------------(as the most important)
• Effective interpretation requires

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Relational Psychoanalysis (RP)
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Overview

• Harry Sulivan
• Mitchell International Association for
  Relational Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy
• Psychic structure derive from the individuals
  relations with other people
• Object Relations in Psychoanalytic Theory
  (1983)
• Analyst is a participant observer

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Central Constructs

• Self repetitive pattern of experiences and
  behaviors across time
• Self has a temporal nature ? ---------------------
  --------------------------------------------------
  --------------------------------------------------
  ---------------
• The focus is on ---------------------
• Drive Theory -------------------- however,
  sexuality, aggression, conflict, are considered
  to be important in human relationships

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Theory of the Person Development

• Emphasizes early events that lead to the
  development of self
• The learned ways of relating to others as
  critical in human motivation
• Personality consists of

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Health Dysfunction

• Dysfunction Inconsistent and incoherent
  experience of self others resulting from
  --------------------------------------------------
  --------
• Health ------------------------------------------
  --------------------------

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Nature of Therapy

• Assessment -------------------------formal or
  diagnosis, wants to understand the client how
  s/he relates to others
• Roles of client counsellor
• Meeting more than once a week to encourage
  development of the transference relationship
• The counselor is -----------------
• Goals

41
Process of Therapy

• Therapy concentrates on --------------------------
  --------------------------------------------------
  ---
• In order to create a softer therapeutic
  environment, the therapist can use
  -------------------------------------

42
Techniques of Therapy

• The same as in all of the other neoanalytic
  models

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Related Links

• Object Relations Theory and Therapyhttp//www.obj
  ectrelations.org/
• The Melanie Klein Trusthttp//www.melanie-klein-t
  rust.org.uk/
• The Anna Freud Centrehttp//www.annafreudcentre.o
  rg/
• The British Association of Psychotherapists
• http//www.bap-psychotherapy.org/
• Sullivan and Franzecki
• http//www.iarpp.org/html/index.cfm
• Website of the International Association for
  Psychoanalytic Self Psychology http//www.psycholo
  gyoftheself.com/kohut/index.htm