Human Growth and Development Chapter Seven The First Two Years: Psychosocial Development

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Human Growth and DevelopmentChapter SevenThe
First Two YearsPsychosocial Development
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Theories About Early Psychosocial Development

• Psychoanalytic Theory
• Behaviorism Theory
• Cognitive Theory
• Epigenetic Theory
• Sociocultural Theory

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Psychoanalytic Theory

• Connects biosocial and psychosocial development

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Freud Oral and Anal Stages

• Oral Stage1st stage, where infant obtains
  pleasure through mouth
• Anal Stage2nd stage, where anus becomes main
  source of gratification

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Erikson Trust and Autonomy

• 1st StageTrust vs. Mistrust
• basic needs need to be met with consistency,
  continuity, and sameness
• 2nd StageAutonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
• basic desire to gain self-rule over their own
  actions and bodies with parental guidance

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Behaviorism

• Infants emotions and personality are molded as
  parents reinforce or punish childs spontaneous
  behavior

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Cognitive Theory

• Individuals thoughts and perceptions determine
  perspective on the world Working modelset of
  assumptions used to organize perceptions and
  experiences

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Epigenetic Theory

• Each child is born with a genetic predisposition
  to develop certain traits that affect emotional
  development
• Temperamentgenetically based individual
  differences in emotions, activity, and
  self-control which lead to behavioral tendencies
• epigeneticthough traits not learned, environment
  affects their expression

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Research on Temperament Nine Infant
Characteristics

• activity level
• rhythmicity/schedule
• approach-withdrawal to new
• adaptability to new
• intensity of reaction
• threshold of responsiveness to sensations
• quality of mood
• distractibility
• attention span
• see these by 2-3 mos. of age

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Temperament and Caregiving

• Most (50) are easy
• Responsive care and encouragement can help
  inhibited children become less so
• Goodness of fitparent adjusts to match
  temperament of child
• Lead to better development if good fit
• With slow to warmgive time to adjust
• With easy, happymake sure safe as explore
• With difficultpatiently guide them and build
  positive interactions

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Sociocultural Theory

• Social context can have impact on
  infant-caregiver relationship and childs
  development

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Emotions The First Year

• Newborns first emotions
• Distress
• Contentment
• After a few weeks, see curiosity/interest, social
  smile, and laughter
• Later emotions (after first few months)
  
• Angerif frustrated
• Fear, expressed clearly by stranger wariness and
  separation anxiety (9-14 mos.)

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The Second Year

• Fear and anger typically decrease
• Laughing, crying more discriminating
• New emotions appear
• pride
• shame
• embarrassment
• guilt

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Self-Awareness

• Foundation for emotional growth
• realization of self as distinct individual with
  separate thoughts and actions from others

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Synchrony

• Synchronycoordinated interaction between infant
  and caregivergood timing

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Attachment

• Enduring emotional connection or bond between 2
  people
• Show attachment through
• Proximity-seeking behaviors
• Contact-maintaining behaviors

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Secure and Insecure Attachment

• Bowlby and Ainsworth
• Secure (B)relationship of trust and confidence
  that provides comfort, assurance, and secure base
• Are close to caregiver but ready to explore

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• Insecurerelationship that is unpredictable or
  unstable infant shows fear, anxiety, anger or
  indifference to caregiver because trying to
  adjust to caretaker who ignores or is
  overprotective or inconsistent

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• Avoidant (A) one person tries to avoid any
  connection with another infant doesnt check
  with parent
• Resistant/ambivalent (C) anxiety and uncertainly
  keep one person clinging to another infant
  clings and not want to leave but also pushes away
• Disorganized (D)marked by inconsistent behavior
  of caregiver and infant toward each other

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Measuring Attachment

• Strange Situationlab procedure to measure
  attachment observed are
• exploration of the toys (caregiver present)
• reaction to caregivers departure
• reaction to caregivers return
• 2/3 are secure 1/3 insecure
• Insecure greater with depressed mothers
• Insecure can become secure, but fairly stable

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Social Referencing

• Looking to others for cues
• Look to mother for comfort
• Mothers tone and expression can become guide to
  how to react to unfamiliar or ambiguous event

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• Infants look to fathers for fun and physical play
  because fathers play more than mothers
• Physically active play with fathers may
  contribute to development of social skills and
  emotional expression
• Physically active play with fathers helps
  children master motor skills and develop muscle
  control

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Infant Day-Care

• High-quality programs include
• adequate attention to each infant
• encouragement of sensorimotor exploration and
  language development
• attention to health and safety
• well-trained professional caregivers

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