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Introduction to Learning Memory
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Memory

1. Biological Basis of Memory
2. Overview and Sensory Memory
3. Short-Term or Working Memory
4. Learning and Encoding in Long-Term Memory
5. The Organization of Long-Term Memory
6. Remembering

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Biological Basis of Memory

• Recall that synaptic transmission is the mode of
  information passing which occurs in the brain
  between neurons
• So is there a synaptic mechanism that correlates
  to memory?

YES it is called long term (synaptic) potentiation
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Biological Basis of Memory
Response to Input A or B
Excitatory Synaspes
After stimulating A B for one hour response to
original stimulus at A or B becomes larger
Recording Electrode
Glutamate Receptors
Stimulus
20 40
msec
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Biological Basis of Memory
Potentiation of this response can also be
created by briefly giving a high frequency
stimulation for just a short time (1s) This
brief stimulation can last for hours (or days)
Response to one stimulation after high frequency
stimulation
Control response to one stimulation
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Biological Basis of Memory

• LTP is the increased synaptic response to
  excitatory neurotransmitter (glutamate)
• It causes a neurone or a group of neurones to be
  more efficiently stimulated by (an)other
  excitatory neurone(s)
• Drugs that block glutamate response stop memories
  from being formed
• This first occurs in the hippocampus A brain
  area in the limbic system of the brain, located
  deep in the temporal lobe, it plays an important
  role in memory.
• ALSO
• LTP also involves structural changes in formed
  synapses as well as the formation of new synapses

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Flow information from input through to memory
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Overview and Sensory Memory

• Iconic Memory a form of sensory memory that
  holds a brief visual memory of something that has
  just been received

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Echoic Memory

• Echoic memory is a form of sensory memory for
  sounds that have just been perceived.

MAL
MAL
LET
CONTENT
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Short-Term or Working Memory

• Encoding of Information Interaction with
  Long-Term Memory
• Primacy and Recency Effects
• Loss of Information from Short-Term Memory

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The Limits of Working Memory

• Is defined as the immediate memory for stimuli
  that have just been perceived. It is limited in
  terms of both capacity (7 2 chunks of
  information) and duration (less than 20 seconds).
  
• 5 1 4 3 9 8 5 7 1 1

But chunking of information can help
514-398-5711 a phone number
Or better still CBCCSISFBI becomes
CBC CSIS FBI
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Encoding of Information Interaction with
Long-Term Memory
Encoding of short term memory usually requires an
interaction with long term memory Your ability
to memorize the following requires a familiarity
with symbols or thing to be remembered.
F 8.3
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Encoding of Information Interaction with
Long-Term Memory
Short term memory becomes very difficult if there
is no point of reference Try memorizing the
following Y G h q r v
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Primacy and Recency Effects

• Read this list of words
• Dog
• Cat
• Fish
• Leg
• Hat
• Pen
• Top
• Pat
• Gut
• Mat

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Primacy and Recency Effects

• Primacy effect is the tendency to remember
  initial information because we can rehearse it.
• dog, cat vs. top or pen
• Recency effect is the tendency to recall later
  information because it has been committed to
  short term memory
• gut, mat vs. fish or leg

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Varieties of Working MemoryPhonological
F 8.5
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Aphasia A Disruption of the Phonological System
F 8.6
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Learning and Encoding in Long-Term Memory

• The Consolidation Hypothesis
• The Levels of Processing Hypothesis
• Improving Long-Term Memory

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The Consolidation Hypothesis

• Consolidation is the process by which information
  in short-term memory is transferred to long-term
  memory.
• This is very effective and involves primarily
  rehearsal of the facts.
• Brain injury can and does effect our ability to
  retrieve facts this is called retrograde amnesia
  but short term memory may be uneffected
• Thus long term and short term memory seems to be
  stored separately implying that there is a
  movement of information from one brain process
  to the next.
• Maintenance rehearsal is the main strategy here
  i.e. rote repetition
• Shallow Processing the analysis of the
  superficial characteristics of stimulus such as
  size or shape recognising a word such as fish

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The Levels of Processing Hypothesis

• The strategy here is
• Elaborative Rehearsal processing of information
  in such a way as an association or meaning is
  attached.
• Thus you may more readily recall something if
  another complexity or contextual reference added
  to the information.
• Deep processing refers to the analysis of the
  complex characteristics such as its meaning or
  impact
• Fish becomes big and small, slimy, lives in
  water, sometimes good to eat.

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Read This and try to memorise it!

• With Hocked gems financing him our hero bravely
  defied all scornful laughter that tried to
  prevent his scheme. Your eyes deceivehe had
  said An egg not a table correctly typifies this
  unexplored planet Now three sturdy sisters sought
  proof. Forging along sometimes through calm
  vastness yet more often over trubulent peaks and
  valleys days became weeks as many doubters spread
  fearful rumours about the edge.

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Familiarity helps encode memory
The Voyage of Cristopher Columbus

• With Hocked gems financing him our hero bravely
  defied all scornful laughter that tried to
  prevent his scheme. Your eyes deceivehe had
  said AM egg not a table correctly typifies this
  unexplored planet Now three sturdy sisters sought
  proof. Forging along sometimes through calm
  vastness yet more often over trubulent peaks and
  valleys days became weeks as many doubters spread
  fearful rumours about the edge.

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The Levels of Processing Hypothesis

• Effortful Processing practising information
  rehearsal, typically studying
• consciously focusing our attention on something
• Automatic Processing formation of memories
  requires no little or no attention,
• It nevertheless involves the repetition of fact
  or situation but we involuntarily remember

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The Organization of Long-Term Memory

• Episodic and Semantic Memory

episodic memory A type of long-term memory that
serves as a record of our lifes experiences.
semantic memory A type of long-term memory that
contains data, facts, and other information,
including vocabulary.
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Explicit and Implicit Memory

• Explicit memory is memories that can be described
  verbally, and thus, we are consciously aware of.
• facts, knowledge
• e.g., names of the provinces in Canada
• Implicit memory is memories that cannot be
  described verbally, and thus, are not available
  to consciousness.
• skills, habits
• e.g., riding a bicycle

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The Biological Basis of Long-Term Memory
Anterograde? Amnesia (After the event) Traumatic Event ?Retrograde Amnesia (before the event)
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Remembering

• Remembering and Recollecting
• How Long Does Long-Term Memory Last?
• Remembering and Interference

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Improving Long-Term Memory Through Mnemonics

• Mnemonics are a system of conscious strategies
  designed to improve memory.
• Lines of the music staff are the notes E,G,B,D,F

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food deserves boy good every
f
d
4
b
g
e
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Method of Loci
method of loci A mnemonic system in which items
to be remembered are mentally associated with
specific physical locations or landmarks.
F 8.11
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Peg-words
peg-word method A mnemonic system in which items
to be remembered are associated with a set of
mental pegs that one already has in memory, such
as key words of a rhyme.
F 8.12
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Remembering and Recollecting
Its automatic and difficult to control
F 8.15
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Retroactive and Proactive Interference
F 8.20
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Retroactive and Proactive Interference

• proactive interference Interference in recall
  that occurs when previously learned information
  disrupts our ability to remember newer
  information.
• retroactive interference Interference in recall
  that occurs when recently learned information
  disrupts our ability to remember older
  information.