CIS 1 Week 2 Hardware and Software

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CIS 1Week 2Hardware and Software

• Perry Mehta
• Solano Community College

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Workshop 2 OverviewHardware

• Input Devices
• Output Devices
• Processing Devices
• Storage Devices
• Network Devices

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What is a Computer?

• A computer is an electronic device, operating
  under the control of instructions (software)
  stored in its own memory unit, that can accept
  data (input), manipulate data (process), and
  produce information (output) from the processing.
  Generally, the term is used to describe a
  collection of devices that function together as a
  system.

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Trends in Computer System Capabilities
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1st Generation Computing(1945-1955)

• Mostly hard wired vacuum tube machines
• 1 user and 1 task
• Pre-Operating System
• ENIAC

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2nd Generation Computing(1955-1965)

• 1955 introduced the transistor
• Introduction of separation of system designers
  and operators
• Punched card era
• Introduction of batch systems
• Minimal Operating System tasks
• system compilers
• system loaders

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2nd Generation Computing(1955-1965)
IBM 7094
IBM 1401
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2nd Generation Computing(1955-1965)
Early Batch System Operation
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2nd Generation Computing(1955-1965)

• Programmer produced punched card collection (PCC)
• Multiple PCCs were transferred to tape
• Tape was run on mainframe
• Output printed after all jobs complete

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3rd Generation Computing(1965-1980)

• Move to standardized hardware
• Becoming smaller more general purpose
• Multiprogramming gained over batch
• multiple jobs in memory at the same time
• Introduction of basic OS concepts
• Birth of Unix Linix
• Most computing done on Mainframes
• birth of the minicomputer

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3rd Generation Computing(1965-1980)
Cray 29
Cray 23
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3rd Generation Computing(1965-1980)
IBM System 360
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3rd Generation Computing(1965-1980)

• Multiprogramming
• many jobs in memory at once
• scheduling became important (1 CPU)

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4th Generation Computing(1980 - Present)

• Growth of the microcomputer (PC)
• Widespread use of general purpose single user
  systems
• Timesharing and GUI environments
• Introduction of DOS

IBM PC 1
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4th Generation Computing(1980 - Present)

• DOS
• originally produce by Tim Paterson at Seattle
  Computer Products
• bought then modified by Bill Gates and Tim
  Paterson to become MS-DOS
• added BASIC
• packaged with IBMs PC 1
• Lead to the development of Windows in 1985

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4th Generation Computing(1980 - Present)

• ASCI White
• Most powerful computing platform ever built!
• 12.3 TeraOps (12,300,000,000,000 operations per
  second)

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4th Generation Computing(1980 - Present)
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Generations of Computer Systems

• First Generation
• 1940-1950 Vacuum tubes
• Second Generation
• 1950-1964 Transistors
• Third Generation
• 1964-1971 Integrated Circuits
• Fourth Generation
• 1971-present Microprocessors
• Fifth Generation
• Future Massively Parallel
• Computer system types
• Mainframes
• Minicomputers
• Microcomputers
• Handhelds
• Others?

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Computer System Categories
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Microcomputer Systems

• Handheld Computers
• PDA, Information Appliances
• Notebook Computers
• Desktop Computers
• Workstations

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Network Computers and Terminals

• Benefits
• Lower purchase cost
• Easier maintenance
• Easier software distribution and licensing
• Computer platform standardization
• Reduced end user support requirements
• Improved manageability

• Network Computer (Thin Client)
• NetPC
• Network Terminal

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Modems and Their Uses
Modems can send data from one computer to another
using telephone lines. Modems are commonly used
to connect to the Internet
External Modem Plugs into computer externally
Internal Modem Fits inside computer
.
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Client Server Networking
Host Systems/ Superservers
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Devices that comprise a computer system
Monitor (output)
Speaker (output)
System unit (processor, memory)
Printer (output)
Storage devices (CD-RW, Floppy, Hard disk, zip,)
Mouse (input)
Scanner (input)
Keyboard (input)
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What Does A Computer Do?

• Computers can perform four general operations,
  which comprise the information processing cycle.
• Input
• Process
• Output
• Storage

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How Does a Computer Know what to do?

• It must be given a detailed list of instructions,
  called a compute program or software, that tells
  it exactly what to do.
• Before processing a specific job, the computer
  program corresponding to that job must be stored
  in memory.
• Once the program is stored in memory the compute
  can start the operation by executing the program
  instructions one after the other.

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Computing Systems Hardware and Software

• A computer is a machine designed to perform
  operations specified with a set of instructions
  called a program.
• Hardware refers to the computer equipment.
• keyboard, mouse, terminal, hard disk, printer
• Software refers to the programs that describe the
  steps we want the computer to perform.

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What Are The Primary Components Of A Computer ?

• Input devices.
• Central Processing Unit (containing the control
  unit and the arithmetic/logic unit).
• Memory.
• Output devices.
• Storage devices.

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Computer System Components
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Computer Hardware

• CPU - Central processing unit
• ALU - Arithmetic and logic unit
• ROM - Read only memory
• RAM - Random access memory

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The Central Processing Unit

• Contains electronic circuits that cause
  processing to occur
• CPU interprets instructions to the computer,
  performs the logical and arithmetic processing
  operations, and causes the input and output
  operations to occur
• Brain of the computer

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The Central Processing Unit

• A CPU is on a chip called a microprocessor
• It continuously follows the fetch-decode-execute
  cycle

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The Central Processing Unit

• The CPU contains

Arithmetic / Logic Unit
Control Unit
Registers
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The Central Processing Unit

• The speed of a CPU is controlled by the system
  clock
• The system clock generates an electronic pulse at
  regular intervals
• The pulses coordinate the activities of the CPU
• The speed is measured in megahertz (MHz)

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Memory

• RAM - Random Access Memory
• Main memory of the computer
• Consists of electronic components that store data
  including numbers, letters of the alphabet,
  graphics and sound
• Any information stored in RAM is lost when the
  computer is turned off

• ROM - Read Only Memory
• Memory that is etched on a chip that has start-up
  directions for your computer
• Permanent memory.

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Amount Of RAM In Computers

• The amount of memory in computers is typically
  measured in kilobytes or megabytes
• One kilobyte (K or KB) equals approximately 1,000
  memory locations and one megabyte (M or MB)
  equals approximately one million locations A
  memory location, or byte, usually stores one
  character
• A computer with 8 MB of memory can store
  approximately 8 million characters
• One megabyte can hold approximately 500 pages of
  text information

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CPU and Main Memory
Chip that executes program commands
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Secondary Memory Devices
Information is moved between main memory and
secondary memory as needed
Secondary memory devices provide long-term storage
Central Processing Unit
Hard disks Floppy disks ZIP disks Writable
CDs Tapes
Main Memory
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Motherboard
16 Bit ISA Slots Allows expansion of computer
through modem, sound and video cards
32 Bit PCI Slots Allows expansion cards that can
transfer data faster than ISA slots
Microprocessor Single integrated circuit that
executes the majority of the instructions to
process data
Battery Provides power for the system clock
Power Connector Supplies power to the motherboard
ROM BIOS Basic Input/Output System stores
permanent instructions that start the computer
SIMM RAM Bank Single Inline Memory Module stores
data to be used by the microprocessor
Cache RAM Stores and retrieves information for
the microprocessor at a faster rate than SIMM RAM
so instructions can be executed faster
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Input Technology Trends
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Common Input Devices

• Keyboard
• Pointing Devices
• Pen Based Computing
• Speech Recognition
• Optical Scanning
• Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
• Smart Cards
• Digital Cameras

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The Keyboard

• Most commonly used input device
• Data entered by manually keying in or typing
  certain keys
• A keyboard typically has 101 or 105 keys

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The Mouse

• Pointing device
• Used to control movement of mouse pointer on the
  screen to make selections from the screen
• Mouse has one to five buttons
• Bottom of the mouse is flat and contains a
  mechanism that detects movement of the mouse

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Output Technology Trends
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Common Output Devices

• Video Output
• CRT
• LCD
• Printed Output
• Inkjet
• Laser

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Output Devices

• Output devices make the information resulting
  from the processing available for use. The two
  output devices more commonly used are the printer
  and the computer screen.
• The printer produces a hard copy of your output,
  and the computer screen produces a soft copy of
  your output.

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Storage Trends
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Floppy Disks

• Portable, inexpensive storage medium
• Consists of a thin, circular, flexible plastic
  disk with a magnetic coating enclosed in a
  square-shaped plastic shell.

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Structure Of Floppy Disks

• Initially Floppy disks were 8-inches wide, they
  then shrank to 5.25 inches, and today the most
  widely used folly disks are 3.5 inches wide and
  can typically store 1.44 megabytes of data.
• A folly disk is a magnetic disk, which means that
  it used magnetic patterns to store data.
• Data in floppy disks can be read from and written
  to.
• Formatting is the process of preparing a disk for
  reading and writing.
• A track is a narrow recording band that forms a
  full circle on the surface of the disk.

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Floppy Disk

• The disks storage locations are divided into
  pie-shaped sections called sectors.
• A sectors is capable of holding 512 bytes of
  data.
• A typical floppy stores data on both sides and
  has 80 tracks on each side with 18 sectors per
  track.

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Hard Disks

• Consists of one or more rigid metal plates coated
  with a metal oxide material that allows data to
  be magnetically recorded on the surface of the
  platters
• The hard disk platters spin at a high rate of
  speed, typically 5400 to 7200 revolutions per
  minute (RPM)
• Storage capacites of hard disks for personal
  computers range from 10 GB to 120 GB (one billion
  bytes are called a gigabyte)

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Characteristics of Magnetic Disks
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Hard Disk Storage
Sector When formatting the hard drive,
the computer divides the disk into
radial sections called sectors.
Track Circular and concentric paths the
read/write heads follow when reading information
from the disk.
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Compact Discs

• Flat round, portable storage medium that is
  usually 4.75 inch in diameter.
• A CD-ROM (read only memory), is a compact disc
  that used the same laser technology as audio CDs
  for recording music. In addition it can contain
  other types of data such as text, graphics, and
  video.
• The capacity of a CD-ROM is 650 MB of data

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Compact Discs

• A CD-ROM is portable read-only memory
• A microscopic pit on a CD represents a binary 1
  and a smooth area represents a binary 0
• A low-intensity laser reflects strongly from a
  smooth area and weakly from a pit
• A CD-Recordable (CD-R) drive can be used to write
  information to a CD once
• A CD-Rewritable (CD-RW) can be erased and reused
• The speed of a CD drive describes how fast it can
  write information to a CD-R (24x), a CD-RW (10x),
  and how fast it can read (40x)

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DVDs

• A DVD is the same size as a CD, but can store
  much more information
• The format of a DVD stores more bits per square
  inch
• A CD can store 650 MB, while a standard DVD can
  store 4.7 GB
• A double sided DVD can store 9.4 GB
• Other advanced techniques can bring the capacity
  up to 17.0 GB
• There are various recordable DVD technologies
  the market will determine which will dominate

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USB Media Drives

• Called
• Thumb Drives
• Jump Drives
• Rapidly replacing the Floppy Disk
• Flash Memory
• Once a file is deleted, it can not be unerased
• Various Sizes
• 64mb
• 128mb
• 256mb
• 1Gb
• 2Gb

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Primary Secondary Storage Media
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Advanced NetworkingConnecting the Future

• Look at the video
• Note the following trends
• Computer System
• Input
• Output
• Storage
• Software

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Computer Software

• Operating System
• interface with the user
• unix, windows, linux, ...
• Software Tools
• word processors (MicrosoftWord, WordPerfect, ...)
• spreadsheet programs (Excel, Lotus1-2-3, ...)
• mathematical computation tools (MATLAB, MathCAD,
  ...)
• Computer Languages
• machine language
• assembly language
• binary language
• high level languages (C, C, Ada, FORTRAN, VB,
  java)

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Summary
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Software
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Objectives

• Operating Systems
• Programming Languages
• Software Applications
• Software Acquisition

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Software

• Software is the key to productive use of
  computers
• Software can be categorized into two types
• Operating system software
• platform that brings hardware and software
  together
• Application software
• carries out certain tasks and objectives are
  business necessitates

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Categories of Computer Software
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Trends in Computer Software
First Generation
Second Generation
Third Generation
Fourth Generation
Fifth Generation
Trend Toward Easy-to-Use Multipurpose
Network-Enabled Application Packages for
Productivity and Collaboration
User-Written Programs Machine Languages
Packaged Programs Symbolic Languages
Operating Systems High-Level Languages
DBMS Fourth-Gen Languages Microcomputer
Packages
Natural Object-Oriented Languages Multipurpo
se Graphic- Interface Network-Enabled
Expert-Assisted Packages
Trend Toward Visual or Conversational
Programming Languages and Tools
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Common General- Purpose Applications

• Electronic Mail
• Word Processing
• Presentation Graphics
• Multimedia
• Personal Information Manager
• Groupware

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Web Browsers
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Multimedia Technologies
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Business Enterprise Application Software
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Categories of Programming Languages
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Programming Language Translation
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Developing a Computer Program
Input data
High-level language
Low-level Language
Compiler
Link/load
Executablemodule
Source code
Machine language
Output

• Programmer
• Writes program in source code (VB, C, FORTRAN,
  Pascal, Java, etc)
• Compiler
• Converts source code to machine language program
• Linker
• Combines machine language program with service
  libraries converts to executable module
• Interpreter
• Converts source code to machine language and
  executes one line at a time

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Operating System Software

• Operating system software tells the computer how
  to perform the functions of loading, storing and
  executing an application and how to transfer
  data.
• Today, many computers use an operating system
  that has a graphical user interface (GUI) that
  provides visual clues such as icon symbols to
  help the user. Microsoft Windows 98 is a widely
  used graphical operating system. DOS (Disk
  Operating System) is an older but still widely
  used operating system that is text-based.

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Functions of an Operating System
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Office Automation

• Need to cut costs through automation
• Need to keep things simple
• Need to concentrate on generating revenue vs
  wasting time, talent, and cash on internal
  infrastructure and administration

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Application Software

• Application Software consists of programs that
  tell a computer how to produce information. Some
  of the more commonly used packages are
• Word processing
• Electronic spreadsheet
• Database
• Presentation graphics

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Word Processing

• Word Processing software is used to create and
  print documents. A key advantage of word
  processing software is that users easily can make
  changes in documents.

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Word Processing

• Enter Information
• Display Information
• Edit Information
• Store Retrieve Information
• Print Information

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Features of Word Processing

• Spell checker
• Grammar checker
• Thesaurus
• Macros
• Sorting
• Redlining
• Search Replace
• Merge

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Electronic Spreadsheets

• Electronic spreadsheet software allows the user
  to add, subtract, and perform user-defined
  calculations on rows and columns of numbers.
  These numbers can be changed and the spreadsheet
  quickly recalculates the new results.

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Spreadsheets

• Spreadsheet/Worksheet
• Rows/Columns
• Electronic Spreadsheets

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Business Applications

• Automate Record Keeping
• Summarize Raw Data
• Produce Information
• Perform Analysis - Models
• Simplify Control Processes
• Improve Communications
• Helps with Decisions

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Functions of Spreadsheets

• Entering Data
• Cell Address - Cell Reference
• Active Cell
• Editing Data
• Sorting Worksheets
• Printing Worksheets

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Problem Solving

• Use of Templates
• Recalculation
• Sensitivity Analysis
• Linking Spreadsheets
• Creating Business Graphics
• Chart Types

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Developing a Spreadsheet

• Define the Problem
• Plan the Spreadsheet Layout
• Enter Spreadsheet into Computer
• Test and Use the Spreadsheet

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Database Software

• Allows the user to enter, retrieve, and update
  data in an organized and efficient manner, with
  flexible inquiry and reporting capabilities.

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Data Sharing

• Database
• Database Management System

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Database Management Functions

• Integrating Databases
• Reducing Redundancy
• Sharing Information
• Maintaining Integrity
• Enabling Database Evolution

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Distributed Databases

• Shared Database
• Distributed Database
• Partitioning
• Replication
• Distribution Strategies

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Distributed Database Design

• Database Directory
• Storage Costs
• Processing Costs
• Communication Costs
• Retrieval Processing
• Reliability
• Frequency of Updates/Queries

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Shared Database Structures

• Schema
• Relational Database
• Object Actions
• Hierarchical Database
• Network Database
• Views
• Indexes

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Database Management Packages
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Presentation Graphics

• Presentation graphic software allows the user to
  create documents called slides to be used in
  making the presentations. Using special
  projection devices, the slides display as they
  appear on the computer screen.

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Collaboration Software

• What is it?
• Why would you want?
• Application Software
• NetMeeting
• Groupware
• Lotus Notes

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Software Acquisition

• Buy
• Buy and Modify
• Build in-house
• Outsource to Build

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References

• Celano, J. (2004). Week 3 notes. Personal
  communications