AntiCommunism, McCarthyism, and the Second Red Scare

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Anti-Communism, McCarthyism, and the Second Red
Scare

• American Fear in a post World War II World

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Creation of the United Nations

• April 25, 1945
• Fifty Countries, Charter of the U.N.
• New countries to be added with 2/3 vote
• Security Council
• Five permanent members U.S., U.S.S.R., Britain,
  France, China
• Each permanent member has veto power

3
Nuremberg War Trials
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Results

• 21 Tried
• 3 Acquitted
• 11 sentenced to death
• 3 life imprisonment
• 4 jail sentences

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Clash with the Soviet Union

• Stalin vs Truman/ Democracy vs Communism

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Soviet Union and Eastern Europe

• Feb 1945 Poland
• March Romania
• Feb 1947 Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria
• Creation of the Communist Bloc

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Atomic Bombs

• 1945 U.S., Canada, U.K. have the bomb
• 1946 present plan to U.N. proposing International
  Atomic Development Authority
• Soviets propose outlawing Nuclear weapons
• Compromiseinternational inspectors

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Scary Words

• 1946 Stalin declares International peace is
  impossible under the present capitalist
  development of the world economy
• George F. Kennan (Am Diplomat in Moscow) the
  Soviet Union is committed fanatically to the
  belief thatit is desirable and necessary that
  the internal harmony of our society be disrupted,
  our traditional way of life be destroyed, the
  international authority of our state be broken,
  if Soviet power is to be secure.

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Containment and Mr. X

• Kennan becomes part of State Department
• any U.S. policy toward the Soviet Union must be
  that of a long-term, patient but firm and
  vigilant containment of Russian expansive
  tendencies

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Truman Doctrine

• 1947, USSR pressuring Turkey, Greece in a Civil
  War Communism vs Democracy
• March 12, Truman asks for 400 million for
  economic aid to Turkey and Greece
• I believe that it must be the policy of the
  United States to support free peoples who are
  resisting attempted subjugation by armed
  minorities or by outside pressures

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Enactment of the Truman Doctrine

• 1947-Greek-Turkish aid bill, by 1950 659 million
  spent
• Greece and Turkey do not become Communist
• Cold War and containment in place

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Marshall Doctrine

• Sec. of State 1947
• Our policy is directed not against country or
  doctrine, but against hunger, poverty,
  desperation, and chaos
• Offer economic aid to any country against
  communismincluding Russia.

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Divisions and Unions

• 1948 French, Brit, Am zones unite
• May 1949-Democratic Republic of West Germany
• USSR controls East
• What about West Berlin?

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Blockades

• April 1948 Soviets restrict traffic into West
  Berlin
• June all traffic blocked
• U.S./U.K. When Berlin falls, Western Germany
  will be next. If we mean to hold Europe against
  communism, we must not budge

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Airlifts

• Allies send planes, drop food and equipment on
  West Berlin.
• June 1948-May 1949-1.5 million tons of supplies
  (2.2 million West Berliners)
• Oct 1948 5,000 tons of food and equipment a day
• May 12, 1949, Soviets lift blockade

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NATO

• April 4, 1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• U.S., Britain, France, Belgium, Netherlands,
  Luxembourg, Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Italy,
  Norway, Portugal.
• 1952-Greece and Turkey join
• 1982 Spain joins
• Attack one member, all join in fight

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China

• Mao Tse-tung, Communist rebel fought Japanese in
  WWII
• After warNationalists and Communists struggle
• U.S. supports Nationalists 2 billion

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Red China

• U.S. refuses to recognize communist government
• 1950, supports French regime in Vietnam, send
  money to support against Ho Chi Minh/guerrillas

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Soviet Nuclear Weapons

• August 29, 1949 first successful test of nuclear
  bomb
• Both USSR and USA start building more bombs in
  beginning of arms race

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Warsaw Pact

• 1955
• Poland, Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany,
  Romania, USSR, Czechoslovakia.
• Mutual assistancefight one, fight all

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Korea

• Korea divided after WWII
• 38th parallel
• North Korea (communist) invades South Korea June
  25, 1950
• Truman reacts The attack upon Korea makes it
  plain beyond all doubt that communism has passed
  beyond the use of subversion to conquer
  independent nations and will now use armed
  invasion and war.

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War

• U.S. gets involved through the U.N.
• Fighting until July 27, 1953truce
• U.S. loses 33,000, 103,000 wounded/missing
• S. Korea-1 million dead
• N. Korea/China-1.5 million

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RED SCARE

• House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
  1938
• 1945 discovered soviet spy ring in Canada
• March 21, 1947-Loyalty Program signed by Truman
• 1950-Alger Hiss accused of giving documents to
  the soviets in 1948.

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Alger Hiss

• State Department
• United Nations
• Put on trial 1950-accused of perjury, convicted
  of lying about espionage
• Jailed for four years

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Ethel and Julius Rosenberg

• JuliusLos Alamos scientist
• Tried for giving nuclear secrets to the Soviets
  1951
• Found guilty and executed June, 1953

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J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI

• 1924 head of Bureau of Investigation (BOI)
• 1935 Changes to FBI (Federal Bureau of
  Investigations)
• Domestic Intelligence
• National Fingerprint files
• Hoover obsessed with subversives

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Senator Joseph McCarthy

• Junior Senator from Wisconsin
• Feb 1950 speech at Wheeling, West
  Virginia-Republican Womens Club
• Claimed a list of 205 names of Communists working
  in the State Department

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McCarthyism

• Started before McCarthy
• McCarthy takes advantage of political/social
  atmosphere
• Starts naming names

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BLACKLIST

• Hollywood becomes a target
• Ruins multiple careers
• Hollywood 10
• Spreads to actors, directors, composers

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Fighting Back

• Edward R. Murrow and CBS