International Biofuel

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International Biofuel
By Parvathy Thulaseedharan Sailaja
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Introduction

• Derived from biomass
• Renewable source of Energy
• Form of stored solar energy
• Agricultural products grown
• for use as biofuels

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Biofuel from Agricultural products

• Corn and Soya bean( U.S)
• Flaxseed and Rapeseed (Europe)
• Sugar cane( Brazil)
• Plam Oil ( South-East Asia)
• Jatropha(India)

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History

• 1898- Rudolf diesel , conceived his invention to
  run on peanut oil.
• 1903-Henry Ford designed the Ford Model T , to
  run Completely on Ethanol
• After world war II Cheap Middle Eastern oil
  lessened interest in biofuels.

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• Oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 Increased interest
  from government and academics .
• Since 2000, rising oil prices, concerns over the
  potential oil peak, greenhouse gas emissions and
  instability in the Middle East are pushing
  renewed interest in biofuels.

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• Government officials have made statements and
  given aid in favour of biofuels
• US President George W.Bush said in his 2006
  State of the union speech that he wants the US to
  replace 75 of the oil imports from the Middle
  East with biofuels by 2025.

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Ethanol fuel in Brazil

• Produced from sugar cane
• Efficient source of fermented carbohydrates
• Brazil largest producer and exporter of ethanol
• High government sales taxes on gasoline
• Subsidies on ethanol

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National Program for ethanol

• 1973 oil crisis initiated Pro -Alcohol Program in
  1975
• Anhydrous Alcohol blend with gasoline
• Successfully reduced by 10 million cars running
  on gasoline

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Effect on Oil consumption

• Ethanol-only cars were sold in brazil in
  significant numbers between 1980 and 1995
• 1983-1988 they accounted over 90 of the sales.
• In 2005 80 of the cars produced in Brazil were
  dual fuel, compared to only 17 in 2004

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• Ethanol fueled small planes for farm use have
  been developed and is currently under
  certification
• Demand for alcohol grew between 1982 and1998
  from 11000 to 33000 cubic meter /day
• 1989 more than 90 used only in ethanol cars
• 2007- 40 used in ethanol only cars and 60 in
  Gasohol only cars

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GHG Reductions Significant, but Vary by Feedstock
and Technology
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Worldwide Fuel Ethanol Production Vs Biodiesel
Million Litres per year
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Fuel Ethanol Production Trends by Region
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Biodiesel Trends by Region
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Corn Vs Sugar Cane

• Corn-based ethanol is very energy inefficent
  -around 3/4ths of a gallon of fuel is required to
  produce one gallon of ethanol
• About 1/20th of a gallon of fuel (6) is required
  to produce one gallon of gasoline
• Positive Energy balance of corn is between 1 to
  1.5

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• Positive Energy balance of sugar cane is between
  1.5 and 2.5
• Rising prices of corn

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Biofuel impacts on Enviornment

• Corn Ethanol-Only 20 of each gallon is Clean
  energy
• Fossil fuels used to grow corn and convert it to
  ethanol increases GHG and CO2 in atmosphere
• It is about 15 less than the increase in GHG by
  same amount of gasoline

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• Sugar cane produced in soil releases 80 less GHG
  than gasoline
• Clearing land produces large amount of GHG into
  air
• Example- Tropical woodland is cleared to produce
  sugar cane for ethanol, the GHG released will be
  50 higher than what occurs for the production
  and use of same amount of gasoline.

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Potential Benefits

• Reductions in oil imports and improved energy
  security
• Lower GHG emissions
• Reduced air pollution
• Improved vehicle performance
• Agricultural / rural income, jobs
• Reduction in solid wastes (biomass,grease, etc.)

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Potential Costs

• Higher fuel production costs
• Vehicle/fuel system
• modifications
• Increases in some pollutant emissions
• Higher crop and crop product prices
• Other environmental impacts (e.g. fertiliser
  runoff)

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Conclusion

• Biofuels many types of
• impacts, mostly positive
• Biofuels use growing rapidly around the world
• Conventional biofuels in IEA countries are
  expensive, with modest GHG reductions

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• Advanced biofuels processes are under
  development, look promising
• Sugar cane ethanol in developing countries is
  already a bargain
• Global biofuels potential appears substantial

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• Development of trade in biofuels would benefit
• many countries

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THANK YOU
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Questions?