GLYCOLYSIS

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GLYCOLYSIS from I glucose, glycolysis
produces 2 ATP 2
NADHH 2 pyruvate
In the cytosol
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Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis energy
investment phase (Layer 2)
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Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis energy
payoff phase (Layer 3)
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Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis energy
payoff phase (Layer 4)
PEP
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Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, the
junction between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
Linking reaction
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Figure 9.11 A closer look at the Krebs cycle
(Layer 4)
x2
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Can make 12 amino acids
Can oxidize amino acids
Krebs Cycle is a metabolic hub
Can oxidize fatty acids as molecules of acetyl CoA
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A summary of the Krebs cycle
8 NADHH 2 FADH2 2 ATP
1x22
1x22
3x26
1x22
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Each molecule of glucose yields many ATP
molecules during cellular respiration
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Figure 9.15 Chemiosmosis couples the electron
transport chain to ATP synthesis
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Muscle cells
Lactic acid forms at the end of glycolysis if
there is a shortage of oxygen in the cells
Pyruvate does not become acteylCoA
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Free-energy change during electron transport
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Energy from the transferred electrons is used to
transport H ions into the intermembranous space
of the mitochondrion
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Figure 9.14 ATP synthase, a molecular mill
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Figure 9.15 Chemiosmosis couples the electron
transport chain to ATP synthesis
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The energy input and output of glycolysis
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Fermentation similar to glycolysis

• An anerobic , inefficient pathway making
• 2ATP and alcohol, lactic acid or
• acetic acid
• Occurs in bacteria and yeast
• Much energy still remains in the organic end
  products

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Figure 9.17a Fermentation
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Figure 9.17a Fermentation
NAD is restored as Acetyaldehyde is changed to
alcohol
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Yeast a unicellular fungus makes alcohol
C2H5OH
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Anaerobic conditions in muscle
Pyruvate builds up causing muscle fatigue
and cramps occur when there is an oxygen debt
in the cells
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Acids are made from sugar when bacteria do
anaerobic fermentation. Soured milk products
contain lactic acid
In muscle when it is anaerobic
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Figure 9.18 Pyruvate as a key juncture in
catabolism
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Figure 9.19 The catabolism of various food
molecules
Metabolic Hub Products of carbohydrate. protein
and lipid Catabolism enter here
Needed amino acids
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Figure 9.11 A closer look at the Krebs cycle
(Layer 4)
x2
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Figure 9.17b Fermentation
NAD is restored as pyruvate Is converted to
lactic acid
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• What products are made through fermentation by
  yeast or bacteria?