Facility Development and Operations

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Facility Development and Operations

• Chapter 8
• KKA 4106

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Facility Development and Operations

• A facility is defined as the contiguous land,
  structures and other improvements used for
  storing, recovering, recycling, treating, or
  disposing of hazardous waste.
• This unit covers the steps in the development and
  operation of hazardous waste management
  facilities.
• On-site or off-site

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Facility Development and Operations

• There are three types of facility
• Recovery/recycling facilities
• Treatment facilities
• Land Disposal facilities
• Fully integrated facility

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Recovery/Recycling Facilities

• These facilities separate contaminants from waste
  solvents and thus restore the solvent to its near
  original quality or to a lower grade product.
• Solvent recovery
• Oil recovery
• Acid regeneration
• Metal recovery
• Fuel belending
• Coincenaraion in industrial klin/furnaces

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Recovery/Recycling Facilities

• Distillation is the most common process and
  recovers about 75 of the solvent.
• Oil Recovery. Referred to as oil re-refining and
  produces a product of near virgin quality.
• Acid Regeneration. Cool sulfuric acid to
  precipitate ferrous compounds used to recovery
  pickling wastes from the steel industry.
• Metals Recovery. Use heat or extract from liquid
  waste.
• Waste derived fuels can be made from waste oils,
  solvent and distillation bottom products with
  high BTU.
• Co-incineration. Cement kilns such as Colton
  Cement provide very long residence times and high
  temperatures to 3000F which destroys POHCs,
  Principal Organic Hazardous Waste Constituents.

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Treatment Facilities

• Thermal Destruction
• Incinerator an enclosed device using controlled
  flame combustion, the primary purpose of which is
  to thermally break down hazardous waste.
• Current federal regulations specify a DRE (
  Destruction and Removal Efficiency) of 99.99.
• Aqueous Treatment (f 8.3)
• Removes and detoxifices hazardous contaminents
  that are dissolved or suspended in water.

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Treatment Facilities

• Stabilization.
• Admixing materials with wastes to improve the
  handling and physical characteristics of the
  wastes and to reduce mobility of contaminants.
• Biological.
• Utilize microorganisms to degrade organic wastes.

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Treatment Facilities
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Land Disposal Facilities

• Landfill.
• Permanent emplacement of hazardous waste.
• Should be operated as containment facilities with
  provision for maintenance and monitoring.
• Consist of protective elements to contain
  emplaced waste and minimize leachate.
• Deep well injection
• Injection of liquid waste into a deep, subsurface
  geological formation.

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Fully Integrated Facility

• Consist of aqueous treatment, incineration, land
  disposal in a single facility.
• Figures 8.5 to 8.7

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Facility Operations

• The operation consists of five subsystem
• Preshipment waste analysis
• Waste receiving
• Waste storage and preparation
• Waste treatment
• Residual management

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Facility Operations

• Pre-Shipment Waste Analysis. Parameters to be
  analyzed, sampling and analytical methods and the
  frequency. The purpose of the full
  characterization of the waste is to
• Determine if the waste is acceptable.
• Identify inherent hazards for handling and
  storage.
• Physical and chemical characteristics for
  treatment.
• Verification parameters to be tested upon arrival
  to make sure the truckload is what it supposed to
  be.
• Select treatability parameters.
• Cost estimate.

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Facility Operations

• Waste Receiving.
• Truck at the gatehouse. Make sure the waste is
  what it is supposed to be and test for
  treatability parameters.
• Waste Storage and Preparation.
• Tanks for bulk liquids, hoppers for solids and
  sludges and pads or warehouses for containers.
• A key issue is compatibility. The compatibility
  of two reactivity groups are determined by
  reading the entry at the intersection of the two
  groups e. g. ester (13) are OK with amides (6)
  because the intersection is blank, no activity
  however, do NOT mix the esters (13) with nitrides
  (25) or you will get GF, toxic gas generation,
  and H, heat generation.

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Example

• Given The following wastes
• A-Sulfuric Acid B-Acids, organics C-Sodium
  Hydroxide D-Cyanides E-Ketones F-Muriatic
  Acid G-Mercaptans H-Phenols I-Lime sludge
  J-Cresols
• Find
• 1.) What is the minimum number of storage areas
  required for safe segregation
• 2.) Comment on the general character of the
  wastes.

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Example
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Example

• It is obvious that chemicals in the same group
  are compatible, for example, sulfuric acid and
  muriatic acid are both in reactivity group 2,
  acids, minerals (not organic), oxidizing. If you
  are unsure of particular chemical, ask a chemist,
  either in-house, or hire a local lab. The real
  question here is "are different groups
  compatible", and this is the answer forthcoming
  from F8-10.
• The different groups from the above table are 2,
  10, 11, 19, 20 and 31. Start with reactivity
  group 2. Is 2 compatible with 10. The
  intersection of 2 and 10 on F8-10 gives H for
  heat generation which is no good, incompatible. 2
  and 11 yield GT and GF which toxic gas generation
  and flammable gas generation, therefore,
  incompatible. 2 and 19 give HF 2 and 20 give H,
  F and GT 2 and 31 give H and F. All of this
  means that 2 is not compatible with any of the
  other groups.
• Try 10 11 is OK because there is no entry at the
  intersection of 1011 in F8-10. 19 is not OK 20
  is OK 31 is OK
• The above indicates that 3 segregated storage
  areas are required. NOTE Different distributions
  are possible, nonetheless, it is still a minimum
  of 3 areas.

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Example
2. General Character The waste is a typical mixed
bag of harsh chemicals and it is obvious after
creating the above materials should not be mixed.
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Facility Operations

• Waste Treatment
• phase separation, component separation, chemical
  transformation, biological transformation.
• Example Given A waste is 70 water (30 solids)
  an 3 organic material.
• (Fluidized bed incineration)
• Residual Management.
• Each waste treatment process produces gaseous
  emmisions, wastewater effluent, or residuals
  requiring subsequent management if not treatment.

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Needs Assessment

• What type of facility is needed and its capacity?
• A needs assessment is the process of making such
  a decision.
• Based on
• Current and future types and quantities of
  hazardous waste.
• Methods for managing hazardous waste, current and
  future
• Capacity of existing facilities.

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Site Selection

• To assure that new facilities are located at
  intrinsically superior site by virtue of natural
  features and land use setting, provide a high
  degree of protection to public health and the
  environment.
• Table 8.1 shows hazardous waste facility siting
  factor.

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Public Participation

• Siting is the process of selecting sites for new
  facilities and obtaining permits for them. The
  process may take 10 years and in fact may never
  be successful and cost 10s of millions of
  dollars.
• NIMBY syndrome, Not In My BackYard, is so
  powerful that it is probably the leading
  consideration in siting. A pervasive public
  feeling of distrust, risk and no real benefit.
• Sites have been successfully permitted based on
• technically suitable site
• identifying public concerns
• addressing public concerns
• Case Study. Alberta, Canada. "Invitational
  process.
• Engender a sense of individual responsibility.
• Risks can be successfully dealt with and are no
  greater than other industries.

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Permitting

• Action of reqularatory agencies to authorize
  construction and operation of a facility.
• Facilites cannot operate without a valid permit.
• Permit is issued on finding the site , design ,
  and operation do not violate health and
  environmental satndards.
• Preparing the permit application requires
  considerable effort and time. The elements of
  permit application is shown in Table 8.2.
• Hazardous waste treatment Most closely regulated
  non-nuclear, non-medical facility in the US.