Negative Contact

1
Overview of Lecture
Prejudice
Negative Contact
Discrimination
Stereotypes
2
What are stereotypes

• Associating members of certain groups with
  certain characteristics
• E.g., Perceived to be alike have similar
  (negative) traits

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Stereotypes
Causes of
How to reduce them
4
Why Stereotypes Form

• Negative historical relations between groups
• Inequalities in societal roles
• Socialization experiences
• Media portrayals

Stereotypes
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Why Stereotypes Form

• Negative historical relations between groups
• e.g., slavery, indentured labor
• Inequalities in societal roles
• e.g., more women in low-paying jobs, earning less

Stereotypes
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Why Stereotypes Form

• Socialization experiences
• e.g., parents, teachers, peers
• Media portrayals
• E.g., African Canadians as gangsta rappers,
  Caribbean Canadians as ganja smokers

Stereotypes
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Why Stereotypes Form

• Negative historical relations between groups
• Inequalities in societal roles
• Socialization experiences
• Media portrayals

Stereotypes
Causes similar to explaining negative contact
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Why Stereotypes Persist

1. Activated automatically
2. Reinforced via social norms
3. Information that confirms beliefs is easily
   recalled
4. Trait-based explanations for behavior
5. Sub-grouping exceptions
6. Create expectations for interaction
7. Enable in-group members to feel different from
   out-group members

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Why Stereotypes Persist

• Activated automatically
• E.g., from observable characteristics
• Reinforced via social norms
• E.g., it is ok to derogate gays nowadays

Stereotypes
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Why Stereotypes Persist

• Information that confirms beliefs is easily
  recalled
• E.g., times you saw women driving badly vs. times
  you saw women driving well

Stereotypes
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Why Stereotypes Persist

• Provide trait-based reasons to explain why people
  behave the way they do
• E.g., Women get into more accidents because they
  are bad drivers
• Sub-grouping exceptions of out-group
• E.g., successful Black

Stereotypes
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Why Stereotypes Persist

• Create expectations for interaction
• E.g., Blacks are violent, so this Black man is
  going to be hostile so I better be prepared

Stereotypes
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Why Stereotypes Persist

• Enable in-group members to feel different from
  out-group members
• E.g., Women are bad drivers, Men are good
  drivers, so they are different

Stereotypes
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Stereotypes
Causes of
How to reduce them
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How to reduce Stereotypes

• 1. Stereotypes activated automatically?

• Counter automatic activation of stereotypes with
  guilt (self regulation)
• Replace/modify negative associations with
  positive experiences information

Reduce Stereotypes
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How to reduce Stereotypes

• 2. Reinforced via social norms?

• Change old social norms with new ones
• Change motivation to comply w/norms

Reduce Stereotypes
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1. Information confirming beliefs is easy to recall?

• Counter recall tendencies with other needs
• Make in-group dependent on out-group
• e.g., learning to distinguish Chinese editors
  from each other bec. of supervisory relationship
• Create need in in-group members for out-group
  members to like them
• e.g., business case for selling products/services
  to women

Reduce Stereotypes
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1. Trait-based explanations for behavior?

• Change explanations
• Increase focus on situation
• E.g., Why are more Blacks in the criminal system?
  
• Different out-group members display
  non-stereotypical traits in different settings
• Teach statistics
• Representativeness of sample outgroup member

Reduce Stereotypes
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1. Trait-based explanations for behavior?

• Change explanations
• Reduce tendency to blame negative outcomes to
  out-group members by thinking about out-group in
  complex ways
• E.g., teach about collectivism, power-distance

Reduce Stereotypes
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1. Sub-grouping exceptions of out-group?

• Increase knowledge of many individual out-group
  members to prevent sub-group creation
• Differentiate out-group members from each other
• E.g., cultural circles exercise enabled
  differentiation by providing contact with
  different members of the same ethnic group

Reduce Stereotypes
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1. Have expectations for interaction?

• Counteract expectations
• Out-group members behave in non-stereotypical
  ways that disconfirm stereotypes
• e.g., Womens driving records
• Out-group members confident they do not have the
  expected trait
• e.g., Women is confident of her driving skills

Reduce Stereotypes
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1. Stereotypes enabling in-group to feel different
   from out-group?

• Change ability of stereotypes to maintain
  differences
• Create Super-ordinate Groups
• Tendency to view out-group members as alike and
  negative is no longer functional
• Emphasize Multiple Identities
• Emphasize those categories which unite groups

Reduce Stereotypes
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Notice inter-relationships
Prejudice
Negative Contact
Discrimination
Stereotypes
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Prejudice
Negative Feelings
Negative Thoughts
Negative Associations
Stereotypes
Positive Associations
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• Recalling stereotype inconsistent information
• Create Super-ordinate groups
• Emphasize Multiple Identities
• Changing explanations

Prejudice
Negative Feelings
Negative Thoughts
Negative Associations
Positive Associations
Stereotypes
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Overview of Lecture
Prejudice
Negative Contact
Discrimination
Stereotypes
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What is discrimination?

• Unequal treatment or behavior toward members of
  different groups
• E.g., Dear White Boss article, Black bosses with
  black subordinates are more likely to be
  scrutinized
• Qs Differences in consequences of
• Stereotypes vs. prejudice vs. discrimination?

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Discrimination
Causes of
How to reduce it
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Attitudes toward discrimination
Intention To discriminate
Discriminatory Behavior
Subjective Norms for Discrimination
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What are.

• Attitudes
• Thoughts feelings
• Vs Stereotypes?
• Vs. Prejudice?
• Subjective norms
• What do you think other people think/feel about
  something
• Vs. Attitdues?

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Belief that discrimination leads to certain
outcomes
Value of outcomes of discrimination
Attitudes toward Discrimination
Intention to discriminate
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Persons motivation to comply with others wishes
Persons belief that others want person to
discriminate
Subjective Norms for Discrimination
Intention to discriminate
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Beliefs that discrimination leads to certain
outcomes
Attitudes toward discrimination
Value of outcomes of discrimination
Intention To discriminate
Belief that others want target to discriminate
Subjective Norm
Targets motivation to comply with others wishes
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• Change beliefs about rewards vs. costs of
  discriminatory behavior
• e.g., expectation of reward for hiring visible
  minorities

Change Attitudes toward discrimination
Change value of outcomes of discrimination e.g.,
lawsuits for discrimination
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Change beliefs about rewards vs. costs of
discriminatory behavior

• Change awareness of definition results of
  discrimination
• E.g., Using weight as a criterion for hiring
  can result in lawsuit if weight is not
  established as a BFOQ

Change Attitudes
Change value of outcomes of discrimination
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Change norm e.g., CEOs public behavior
Change persons motivation to comply with
(unchanged) norm
Change perception of norm (awareness)
Subjective Norms for Discrimination
Intention to discriminate
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• Change perceptions of costs of discriminating
  against Gays
• E.g., Removal of student from residence hall for
  repeat offences, or in-admission into residence
  halls in subsequent years

Attitudes toward gays
Intention to Discriminate Against gays
Change belief that others Approve of
discrimination Toward gays e.g., Popular
(influential) students beliefs about gay
harassment
Subjective Norm to Discriminate against gays
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Discriminatory Attitude
Non-discriminatory behavior
Dissonance
Discomfort
Derogate non-performed alternative (attitude)
Change Attitude toward discrimination to be
consistent with behavior
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• Non discriminatory behaviors
• Choose to argue against your position voluntarily
• Cooperate w/ outgroup

Attitude for discrimination
Dissonance
Insufficient justification for voluntary behavior
Change Attitude toward discrimination
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Overview of Lecture
Prejudice
Negative Contact
Discrimination
Stereotypes
41
DROP (not on exam) Creating empathy

• Cognitive
• Emotional
• Role playing, or perspective taking via reading
  or listening to experiences
• E.g., In cultural circles exercise, taking the
  perspective of another ethnic group and coming up
  with a role model elicited empathy