Nanotechnology

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Nanotechnology

• Do You Want Miniature Robots Inside Your Head?

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The Lazarus Vendetta

• A special research center has been set up
• Several of the groups are working on
  nanotechnology
• One group was working on a nannite that would
  look for a specific enzyme to trigger it
• Then it would go to the cancerous cell and remove
  it from the body
• The rest would pass harmlessly out through normal
  means
• A protest group masses outside when it is
  announced that the President of the USA is coming
  for a visit

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The Lazarus Vendetta

• The facility is infiltrated two days before the
  Presidents arrival
• Canisters with bombs attached are planted
• The bombs go off and millions of nannites are
  released
• The protesters inhale the nannites
• Instead of healing them, the protesters are
  slowly dissolved from the inside out

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What is Nanotechnology?

• Exists on the nanometer scale - 0.1 to 100 nm
  (1/1,000 µm, or 1/1,000,000 mm ) 10-9
• Any technology done at the molecular level
• Scale a standard sheet of paper100,000
  nanometers thick
• world of atoms, molecules, macromolecules,
  quantum dots, and macromolecular assemblies
  (wikipedia.com)

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Current Uses

• Nanowires
• Must be created in a laboratory
• Used in semiconductors
• Wires that are a line of atoms
• Pentium III 28 Million transistors
• Pentium IV 42 Million transistors

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Current Uses

• Molecular self-assembly
• Polymers
• Occurs in nature (cell growth, galaxies)
• Use these properties to create biomaterials
• Produce materials that can grow themselves

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Research

• January 2000
• President Bill Clinton gave 227 million increase
  in nanotechnology research
• 2001 total was 497 million
• Will change our lives in this century

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Speculation

• Replicate anything from diamonds to food and
  water
• Eradicate hunger
• Prolong life
• Perform cosmetic surgery
• Cure diseases
• Environmental cleanup

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Nanotechnology Initiative

• The National Nanotechnology Initiative is an
  American federal nanoscale science, engineering,
  and technology research and development program.
  Initiative participants state that its four goals
  are to
• maintain a world-class research and development
  (RD) program
• facilitate technology transfer
• develop educational resources, a skilled
  workforce, and supporting research infrastructure
  and tools and
• support responsible development of
  nanotechnology.
• www.nano.gov

From Wikipedia.com
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Participants

• Consumer Product Safety Commission
• Department of Agriculture Cooperative State
  Research, Extension, and Education Service
• Department of Agriculture Forest Service
• Department of Commerce Technology Administration
• Department of Commerce Bureau of Industry and
  Security
• Department of Education
• Environmental Protection Agency
• Department of Commerce National Institute of
  Standards and Technology

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Participants (contd)

• Intelligence Community
• Department of Defense
• National Aeronautics and Space Administration
• Department of Energy Office of Basic Energy
  Sciences Office of Industrial Technologies
• National Science Foundation
• Department of Health and Human Services National
  Institutes of Health
• Nuclear Regulatory Commission
• Food and Drug Administration Department of Health
  and Human Services

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Participants (pg 3)

• Department of State
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and
  Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  Department of Health and Human Services
• Department of Homeland Security (which includes
  Transportation Security Administration)
• Department of Justice
• Department of Labor
• Department of Transportation
• International Trade Commission
• U.S. Patent and Trademark Office

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News Flash

• April 13, 2006 (SeattlePI, AP)
• Magic Nano aerosol product sold in Germany
• 97 people became intoxicated and suffered
  respiratory problems from inhaling the fumes
• FDA now considering stiffer regulations for items
  using nanotechnology for drugs, foods, cosmetics
  and medical devices

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The Future of Nanotechnology

• Quantum dots
• Nanogears
• Medical uses
• Machines that build and repair themselves
• Manufacturing diamonds and oil at the molecular
  level

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Nanogears
http//www.howstuffworks.com/nanotechnology.htm
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Nanomanufacturing

• Scientists must be able to manipulate individual
  atoms. This means that they will have to develop
  a technique to grab single atoms and move them to
  desired positions. In 1990, IBM researchers
  showed that it is possible to manipulate single
  atoms. They positioned 35 xenon atoms on the
  surface of a nickel crystal, using an atomic
  force microscopy instrument.

Taken from howstuffworks.com
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Nanomanufacturing

• The next step will be to develop nanoscopic
  machines, called assemblers, that can be
  programmed to manipulate atoms and molecules at
  will. Trillions of assemblers will be needed to
  develop products in a viable time frame.
• In order to create enough assemblers to build
  consumer goods, some nanomachines, called
  replicators, will be programmed to build more
  assemblers.

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Computer Industry

• Moores Law reaching its physical limit
• Molecular computers could contain storage devices
  capable of storing trillions of bytes of
  information in a structure the size of a sugar
  cube.
• Meyya Meyyapan, manager of devices at NASA Ames
  Research Center in San Jose recently suggested
  that, "...the real applications of
  nanoelectronics are 15 years out." (July 2000 -
  Futurist.com)

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Commerce Secretary Gutierrez Announces New
Nanotechnology Center

• March 20, 2006. U.S. Secretary of Commerce
  Carlos M. Gutierrez announced the launch of a
  state-of-the-art center for collaborative
  nanotechnology research at Commerce's National
  Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in
  Gaithersburg, MD. Scientists from U.S. companies,
  universities and government will focus on
  overcoming major technical obstacles to
  cost-effective manufacturing of products made
  with components the size of atoms and molecules.

www.nano.gov)
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NNI Funding in the President's 2007 Budget

• The Presidents 2007 Budget provides over 1.2
  billion for the multi-agency National
  Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), bringing the
  total investment since the NNI was established in
  2001 to over 6.5 billion

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Current Research

• EPA has awarded 14 grants totaling 5 million to
  universities to investigate potential health and
  environmental effects of manufactured
  nanomaterials
• To date, EPA has funded 65 grants for more than
  22 million related to the environmental
  applications and/or implications of manufactured
  nanomaterials

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Environmental Uses

• This emerging field has the potential to
  transform environmental protection. Researchers
  are now testing iron nanoparticles that could
  clean up pollutants in large areas of groundwater
  cheaper and more effectively than any existing
  techniques," said Dr. George Gray, assistant
  administrator for EPA's Office of Research and
  Development.

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Discoveries

• Sumio Iijima discovered the nanotube in 1991
  new form of carbon
• 1995 discovered that nanotubes are excellent
  sources of field emitted electrons
• Jumbotron lamp based on nanotube was created in
  2000
• Currently used in most athletic stadiums

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Nanotechnology is Offering Exciting New
Possibilities for Treating Breast Tumors

• Dec. 12, 2005, Nanotechwire Nanotechnology,
  using particles as small as 100 nanometers in
  size, is offering exciting new possibilities for
  finding and treating breast tumors, according to
  speakers at the 28th Annual San Antonio Breast
  Cancer Symposium being held this week. Two
  researchers from Rice University in Houston,
  Texas, offered enticing insights into how these
  minute particles can be manipulated to have
  different properties, and tagged with antibodies
  to target them specifically at cancer cells

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Nano-sponges for Toxic Metals

• Nov. 14, 2005, Physorg Microscopic particles
  honeycombed with holes only nanometers wide soon
  could help purify industrial runoff, coal plant
  smoke, crude oil and drinking water of toxic
  metals. The particles, made of glass or natural
  diatomaceous earth, are 5 millionths to 50
  millionths of a meter wide and filled with holes
  a thousand times smaller. The surfaces of these
  particles can bear a variety of flavors or
  coatings that soak up specific toxic metals --
  for instance, sulfurous organic coatings attract
  mercury, while coppery organic coatings bind to
  arsenic and radioactive metals known as
  actinides. The particles' spongy nature gives
  them an incredible 6,400 square feet to nearly
  11,000 square feet of surface area per gram of
  material with which to draw in toxins

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Virginia Team Using Nano for Brain Cancer
Imaging, Treatment

• Nov. 14, 2005, Small Times/Richmond Times -
  Dispatch Virginia researchers are loading tiny,
  hollow carbon balls with metals and medicine they
  say could improve the ability to detect and
  destroy brain-cancer cells. Brain cancers are
  rare but often deadly. Cancerous cells often
  stray from the main tumor, making them difficult
  to find. They're troublesome to treat, in part
  because many medicines can't get from the
  bloodstream into the brain, and tricky to remove

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Quantum Dots Show White Light Promise

• Oct. 28, 2005, Small Times/United Press
  International Vanderbilt University scientists
  in Nashville, Tenn., say quantum dots could
  become the successor to the light bulb. Until now
  quantum dots have been known primarily for their
  ability to produce a dozen different distinct
  colors of light simply by varying the size of the
  individual nanocrystals a capability
  particularly suited to fluorescent labeling in
  biomedical applications. But Vanderbilt chemists
  have discovered a way to make quantum dots
  spontaneously produce broad-spectrum white light.

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Nanotubes Inspire New Technique For Healing
Broken Bones

• Jul. 8, 2005, Science Daily Scientists have
  shown for the first time that carbon nanotubes
  make an ideal scaffold for the growth of bone
  tissue. The new technique could change the way
  doctors treat broken bones, allowing them to
  simply inject a solution of nanotubes into a
  fracture to promote healing

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Quantum Dots Detect Viral Infections

• Jun. 10, 2005, PhysOrg In what may be one of
  the first medical uses of nanotechnology, a
  chemist and a doctor who specializes in
  infectious childhood diseases have joined forces
  to create an early detection method for a
  respiratory virus that is the most common cause
  of hospitalization among children under five.
• Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) sends about
  120,000 children to the hospital in the United
  States each year. Although it is only
  life-threatening in one case out of every 100, it
  infects virtually all children by the time they
  are five. Few children in the U.S. die from RSV,
  but it also attacks the elderly, causing some
  17,000 to 18,000 deaths annually. Individuals
  with impaired immune systems are another highly
  susceptible group.
• Vanderbilt researchers report that not only can a
  quantum dot system detect the presence of RSV
  particles in a matter of hours, rather than the
  two to five days required by current tests, but
  it is also more sensitive, allowing it to detect
  the virus earlier in the course of an infection

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Nanoparticle Breast Cancer Drug Approved by FDA

• Mar. 10, 2005, Science Blog Research at
  Northwestern University Feinberg School of
  Medicine played a significant role in Food and
  Drug Administration approval of Abraxane
  (paclitaxel protein-bound particles for
  injectable suspension), indicated for the
  treatment of metastatic breast cancer.
• "The approval means that women with metastatic
  breast cancer no longer need to endure the
  toxicities associated with solvents and will no
  longer need steroid premedication when they
  receive this albumin-bound form of paclitaxel,"
  said principal clinical study investigator
  William J. Gradishar, M.D., associate professor
  of medicine at Feinberg and co-director, Lynn
  Sage Breast Cancer Program at Northwestern
  Memorial Hospital. Abraxane is engineered using a
  proprietary process (protein-bound nanoparticle
  technology) to create tiny particles
  (nanoparticles 100th the size of a red blood
  cell) in which the active chemotherapeutic drug,
  paclitaxel, is bound to a naturally occurring
  protein called albumin

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Fact or Fiction

• Prince asks scientists to look into 'grey goo'By
  Roger Highfield, Science Editor(Filed
  05/06/2003)
• Fears by the Prince of Wales that armies of
  microscopic robots could turn the face of the
  planet into an uninhabitable wasteland have
  prompted the nation's top scientists and
  engineers to launch an inquiry
• http//www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml/ne
  ws/2003/06/05/nano05.xml

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Research at UW

• http//www.nano.washington.edu/index.asp

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Quantum Computers

• Currently we use digital computers 1 or 0
• Quantum computers would use qubits
• 1 or 0
• Or both
• Or in-between as a superposition
• Qubits are atoms that work as computer memory and
  processor at the same time

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Quantum Computers (2)

• Current computers run in gigaflops (billions of
  floating point operations per second
• 30 qubit machine could do the equivalent of 10
  teraflops (trillions of floating point operations
  per second)
• Still in early stages
• Show potential to make encoding and decoding of
  information easier

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Center for Responsible Nanotechnology

• http//www.crnano.org/

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Q A