Hazardous waste

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Hazardous waste

• Jan-Olov Sundqvist
• IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute
• Phone [phone]
• E-mail Jan-Olov.Sundqvist_at_ivl.se

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IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute

• Independent research institute, owned by both the
  Government and the Industry
• Research, development and consulting in all
  environmental field
• In Stockholm and Gothenburg
• Stockholm Valhallavägen 81

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IVL in short

• Founded 1966 after an agreement between the
  Government and the Trade / Industry
• 150 Employees, majority of employees have
  academic education
• Broad field of competence, hosting expertise
  suited to cover the cross cutting nature of
  environmental issues.
• Projects are often run in co-operation with
  universities and private enterprises.
• Close connection between research - consultancy
• Member in a plethora of national and
  international networks
• Accredited laboratories

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Collective Competence
Engineering
Geologist
Working Environment
Ecotoxologist
Biologist
Bio-Chemist
Chemist
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Meetingpoint for Environmental Issues
IVL
Universities Industrial companies Research
Institutes Decision makers Local, regional
national agencies Research Councils
IVL
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IVL is represented troughout the world
Russia Baltic Region Europe Latinamerica Africa
Thailand Vietnam India China
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Hazardous waste in EU
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Hazardous waste

• Waste with dangerous properties
• Special rules about handling of hazardous waste

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What is hazardous waste (in EU)

• Wastes featuring on a list (List of Waste)
  Commission Decision, 3 May 2000, (2000/532/EC)
• Any other waste that display any of the
  dangerous properties mentioned in Annex III in
  Council Directive on Hazardous Waste (91/689/EEC)

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List of waste

• Commission Decision (2000/532/EC)
• List of Waste. About 900 different waste types
  (hazardous and non-hazardous) are listed and
  coded
• Hazardous wastes are marked with
• Example
• 16 02 09 Transformers and capacitors containing
  PCBs or PCTs
• National supplements

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Hazardous properties(Annex III in Hazardous
Waste Directive)

• Explosive
• Oxidizing
• Highly flammable
• Flammable
• Irritant
• Harmful
• Toxic
• Carcinogenic
• Corrosive

• Infectious
• Teratogenic
• Mutagenic
• Substances that may release toxic gases
• Substances that may give rise to leachate with
  hazardous properties
• Ecotoxic

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Some typical hazardous wastes

• Oil wastes
• Solvent wastes
• Paint and varnish wastes
• Acid or alcaline wastes
• Heavy metal wastes (Hg, Cd, Pb, etc)
• Cyanide wastes
• PCB wastes
• Pesticide wastes
• Infectious wastes
• Asbestos wastes
• and more.

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EU legislation for hazardous waste

• Framework
• Council Directive on Hazardous Waste (91/689/EEC)
• Council Directive on waste (75/442/EEC)(Framework
  Directive)

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Legislation - Specific wastes

• Disposal of waste oils (Council Directive
  75/439/EEC).
• Directives on waste from the titanium dioxide
  industry (Council Directives 78/176/EEC,
  82/883/EEC and 92/112/EEC).
• Batteries and accumulators containing certain
  dangerous substances (Council Directive
  91/157/EEC).
• Packaging and packaging waste (Council Directive
  94/62/EC).
• The disposal of polychlorinated biphenyls and
  polychlorinated terphenyls (PCB/PCT) (Council
  Directive 96/59/EC).
• Protection of the environment, and in particular
  of the soil, when sewage sludge is used in
  agriculture
• Directive on the restriction of the use of
  certain hazardous substances in electrical and
  electronic equipment (Council and European
  Parliament Directive 2002/95/EC )

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Legislation - treatment

• Directive on the Landfill of Waste (Council
  Directive 99/31/EC)
• COUNCIL DECISION establishing criteria and
  procedures for the acceptance of waste at
  landfills(2003/33/EC)
• Directive on Incineration of waste (European
  Parliament and Council Directive 2000/76/EC)

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Legislation transport, import, and export

• The supervision and control of shipments of waste
  within, into and out of the European Community
  (Council Regulation EEC No 259/93).
• Rules and procedures applying to shipments of
  certain types of wastes to non-OECD countries
  (Council Regulation No 1420/1999 and Commission
  Regulation No 1547/99)

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Legislation - useful links

• http//europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/en/s15002.htm
  gives an overview and links to European waste
  legislation.
• http//europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/en/repert/1510.ht
  m15103030 links to all European waste
  legislation

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Rules for handling of hazardous waste in Sweden

• Do not mix different categories of hazardous
  waste or mix hazardous waste with non-hazardous
  waste during collection, transport, storage,
  recycling or disposal.
• (However, mixing is allowed if there is ensured
  that waste is recovered or disposed of without
  endangering human health or environment)

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• All establishments or undertakings that recover,
  dispose or store hazardous waste and all
  producers of hazardous waste shall keep a record
  of quantity, nature, origin and, where relevant,
  destination, frequency of collection, mode of
  transport and treatment method
• The record must be preserved for at least 3 years

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• Waste must be properly packed and labelled in
  accordance with the international and Community
  standards in force during collection, transport
  and temporary storage
• Where hazardous waste is transferred it shall be
  accompanied by an identification form (transport
  document, consignment note)
• waste producer
• transporter
• type of waste
• quantity
• planned treatment method
• date

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Permission or authorisation for

• Transport
• Temporary storage
• Recycling
• Disposal

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• Producers of hazardous waste and establishments
  or undertakings that treat or store hazardous
  waste shall be subject to appropriate periodic
  inspection by competent authorities.
• Competent authorities shall draw up hazardous
  waste management plans and shall make these
  plants public.

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Amounts of hazardous waste in Sweden
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Treatment of hazardous wastes - this lecture

• 1. Common Recycling methods
• 2. Incineration and other thermal treatment
• 3. Composting
• 4. Chemical treatment
• 5. Landfilling

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Figure 5. Incineration D10 (disposal) of
hazardous waste
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Oil waste recycling
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Solvent recycling
Distillation
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Lead accumulators / car batteries
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Incineration
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• Important parameters to obtain good oxidation
• Air excess
• Energy content of waste - (supplementary fuel)
• Temperature (dependant on air excess and energy
  content)
• Residence time

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Necessary temperature to obtain 99,9 oxidation
at 1 s residence time
oC
900
850
800
750
700
650
600
Etan
Fenol
Metan
Pyridin
Toluen
Propan
Metylkorid
Dikloretan
Klorbensen
Nitrobensen
Trikloretylen
Metylenklorid
Diklorbensen
Triklorbensen
Hexaklorbensen
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not oxidised at different residence times
120
100
80
non-oxidised in flue gas
60
40
20
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
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Residence time at 800 oC, sekunds
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Flue gas cleaning

• Dust cyclon, electrofilter, textile filter
• HCl scrubber with lime or caustic soda and water
• SO2 scrubber with lime or caustic soda and water
• Hg activated carbon, cooling
• NOx Urea or ammonia injection, flue gas
  recirculation, catalysts

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SAKAB hazardous waste incinerator
15. Semidry lime scrubber 16. Flue gas
channel 17. Textile filter 18. Flue gas
quench/cooler 19. Wet scrubber 20. Stack 21-
Control and regulation station 22. Control of
flue gases
1. Bunker 2. Shredder 3. Halon feeding 4.
CFC-plant 5. Barrel path 6. Waste feeding 7.
Rotary kiln
8. Furnace cooling 9. Slag quench 10, After
combustion chamber 11. Evaporator 12. Boiler 13.
Turbine 14. District heating distribution
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SAKAB hazardous waste treatment plant
Incineration plant
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Municipal incineration plant
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Pyrolysis, thermal gasification

• New technologies (first patent 1879)
• Often discussed as alternatives to incineration
• Technical difficulties. Several failed facilities

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Pyrolysis and thermal gasification
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Thermal oxidation in water phase

• Reaction in water phase
• Organic material O2 increased temperature
  increased pressure --gt Oxidation
• Wet oxidation (below the critical point of water)
• Supercritical oxidation (above the critical
  point)
• (Supercritical point of water
• 218 bar, 374 C)

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Wet oxidation

• Typical
• Pressure 20 - 218 bar
• Temperature 200 - 374 C
• Residence time 15 - 60 minutes
• Reaction products simpler biodegradable organic
  compounds

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Supercritical oxidation

• Above the critical point
• Pressure 218 - 300 bar
• Temperature gt374 - 500 C
• Residence time 1-2 minute
• Reaction products CO2

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Supercritical oxidation
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Composting

• Some oil wastes can be composted
• Organics O2 --gt CO2 H20 humus

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Important for the composting process

• Moisture 40 - 60 of total weight or 80 of
  field saturation capacity.
• C/N/P (C/N 20 - 40 C/P 140)
• Micro-organisms
• Air

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Composting of oil sludge

• Porous structure. Mixture with straw, saw chips,
  bark, etc
• Mixing/turning to facilitate air migration to all
  parts of the compost. Alternatively forced
  ventilation
• Irrigation if compost gets dry
• Addition of plant nutrients N, P, K by chemical
  fertiliser or manure
• Addition of micro-organisms manure, old compost

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Landfarming, sludgefarming
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Disadvantages by composting of oil

• 5 - 10 of oil evaporates to air (as VOC
  Volatile Organic Compounds)
• Oil cannot be degraded to 100
• Compost can not be used for cultivation (often
  used as cover on landfills)

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Chemical treatment

• Idea
• convert the waste so it can be
• recycled
• landfilled in a safe way
• emitted to the environment

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Chemical treatment of liquid inorganic wastes

• Precipitation to solid material
• hydroxid Pb2 OH- --gt Pb(OH)2
• sulphide Pb2 S 2- --gt PbS

Dewatered sludge to landfill
Water to control, treatment and discharge
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Redox-reactions

• Cyanide oxidation CN- --gt CO2 N2

Caustic soda
Hypochlorite NaClO
Acid
Waste
Waste water
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Redox-reactions

• Reduction of Cr(VI)

Reduction agent, bisulphite, sulphur dioxide
Caustic soda or lime
Waste
Dewatered sludge to landfill
Water to control, treatment and discharge
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Landfilling

• Requirements on waste
• lt10 organic material and lt 6 TOC
• limited leaching of metals and salts with
  standardised leaching tests
• Requirement on landfill
• lt5 litres/m2,year leachate production

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Final or temporary cover
Landfill in operation
Geological barrier
Bottom sealing
Collection and treatment of leachate
Landfill after operation
Final cover
Geological barrier
In course of time leaking bottom sealing
Geological barrier residence time lt 200 years
for hazardous waste landfills
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Landfill for hazardous waste
Soil cover
Drainage
Plastic sealing
Mineral barrier material (clay)
Levelling
Waste
Upstream ditch
Collection of leachate
Waste
Drainage
Plastic sealing
Clay, bentonite
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Landfill at SAKAB, Sweden
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Monofill deposit

• Cement material that are mixed with inorganic
  waste to form a stable, solid concrete material
• 60 - 70 inorganic waste
• 30 -40 Monofil activator
• water
• Final product Klt10-9 m/s, but sensitive to
  freezing

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Monofill
Cover with soil (to protect against ground frost)
Monofillstabilised wastel
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Treatment of fluorescent tubes
Metal scrap to recycling
Glass tubes to recycling of glass (to new
fluorescent tubes)
Lightning powder to stabilisation and landfill
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Mercury wastes