Allusion definition

1
Allusion definition

• Making a reference to something without
  explicitly naming itYou dont have to put the
  reference in your bibliography, nor in your text.

2
Allusion example 1

• Similarly to Shelleys creature, Hannibal Lecter,
  Thomas Harriss protagonist, is a by-product of
  scientific thought and experimentation.

3
Allusion example 2

• Just like the famous movie hero defending the
  world from the Forces of Evil with his blue
  lightsabre and his Jedi powers, Harry Potters
  powers come from his filiation and are carried
  through an extension of his arm, namely his magic
  wand.

4
Paraphrase definition

• Writing something somewhat similar to what youve
  read, but in your own words. That does not mean
  changing the verb and adding an adjective, but
  truly to grasp the essence of a sentence and to
  render it differently.Put the reference in your
  text as well as in your bibliography.

5
Paraphrase original sentence

• An apt analogy for American show business might
  be the Holy Roman Catholic Church of the early
  Renaissance. The Churchs great power was its
  willingness to pay attention to its audience and
  to provide a steady stream of images that were
  comforting and inspiring. It never forgot that
  every act was an exchange audience attention and
  support were traded for the promises of purposes
  and hope. (James B. Twitchell)

6
Correct paraphrase

• According to Twitchell (1999), the Catholic
  Church of the early Renaissance would be the
  ideal representation of what American show
  business has become. Like the Church, show
  business understands the need to comfort its
  audience, to communicate directly with its flock
  through images conveying inspiration and hope,
  never underestimating the predominance of acts of
  exchange with the public.

7
Paraphrase

• Not too similar, not that different.
• In your OWN WORDS.
• Indicate your source right away, otherwise it is
  plagiarism.

8
Paraphrase second case

• A serial killer is a subject who speaks not an
  alien tongue but a horrifyingly mangled version
  of the common language, the version that rings
  unsettlingly familiar but never quite coalesces
  into meaning. Thus, the necessity and urgency of
  translating the killers motivation into
  discourses of art and science stem not from
  absolute difference but from uncanny similarity.
  And it is precisely because of this similarity
  that his resistance to meaning becomes an
  epistemological scandal of epic proportions
  (Elana Gomel)

9
Paraphrase second case

• As Elana Gomel states (1994), the serial killers
  discourse, being neither different nor identical
  to ours, is rather a mix of familiarity and
  meaninglessness. To create meaning out of this
  unsettling voice, to give it a coherent form we
  can relate to, we include it, as well as we can,
  within the realm of science, where we are able to
  impose some significance to this frightening
  similarity.

10
Citing definition

• Using someone elses words in your text.
• Always indicate the source in your text AND in
  your bibliography

11
Citing short citation

• Henri Lefebvre wrote We should question the
  multiplicity of these descriptions and
  sectionings.
• You want to use this sentence

12
Citing correctly short citation

• The complicity of postmodern form and atomising
  thought in the commodification of culture and
  intellect is also suggested by Lefebvre's
  conditions for the production of space. Lefebvre
  questions "the multiplicity of these descriptions
  and sectionings" (1991 8).

13
Citing short citation

• The short quote (lt 3 lines), always in between
  .
• Always state your source right away (page) AND in
  the bibliography (general)

14
Citing long citation

• Although married to someone else, Mathews gets
  Craig pregnant because his wife is infertile and
  he wants to pass on his Aryan warrior seed. We
  learn about Craig's pregnancy directly after one
  of the first big hits the gang makes on an
  armored car, and at the same time we get a
  reiteration of Mathews's reproductive philosophy
  His sacrifices were always "for the children."
  Mathews truly loved children--white children.
  Nothing that a man can do in his life, he said,
  will outlast his children. They are the future.
  And right before the robbery, he learned he was
  going to get the one thing life seemed cruelly
  to deny him, a child of his own blood, flower of
  his seed. Zillah was pregnant. (Thomas, 1995
  171) The authors also link this pregnancy
  specifically with Mathews's own "work," saying
  "New life was conceived within the gang as well.
  The robbery seemed to work CPR on it, stimulating
  it to breathe, to grow again" (171). Thus, not
  only Craig but the gang itself is a "mother's
  body" capable of producing and reproducing an
  Aryan state. In fact, as it turns out, the gang
  is a better mother's body than Craig's.

15
Citing long citation, cutting

• Although married to someone else, Mathews gets
  Craig pregnant because his wife is infertile and
  he wants to pass on his Aryan warrior seed. We
  learn about Craig's pregnancy directly after one
  of the first big hits the gang makes on an
  armored car, and at the same time we get a
  reiteration of Mathews's reproductive philosophy
  His sacrifices were always "for the children."
  Mathews truly loved children--white children
  And right before the robbery, he learned he was
  going to get the one thing life seemed cruelly
  to deny him, a child of his own blood, flower
  of his seed. Zillah was pregnant. (Thomas,
  1995 171)

16
Citing long citation, cutting

• Although married to someone else, Mathews gets
  Craig pregnant because his wife is infertile and
  he wants to pass on his Aryan warrior seed. We
  learn about Craig's pregnancy directly after one
  of the first big hits the gang makes on an
  armored car, and at the same time we get a
  reiteration of Mathews's reproductive philosophy
  His sacrifices were always "for the children."
  Mathews truly loved children--white children
  And right before the robbery, he learned he was
  going to get the one thing life seemed cruelly
  to deny him, a child of his own blood, flower of
  his seed. Zillah was pregnant. (Thomas, 1995
  171)

17
Citing long citation, cutting

• The suspension points are showing that you cut
  one part of the text to go show more directly
  what is important.
• As usual, state your source right away (page) and
  add the reference in your bibliography.

18
Citing indicating source

• In the text, next to your citation, your
  paraphrase or your borrowing.
• Name of the author
• Year of publication
• Page
• Between ( )

19
Citing indicating source

• Examples
• ..this fact reminds us, as Woody Allen stated,
  that not only is there no God, but try getting a
  plumber on weekends (Allen, 1971 33).
• Precious Joness body becomes a commodity, cheap
  and anynomous, like the turkey she is compared to
  by her own father as he calls her Butter Ball
  Big Mama Two Ton of Fun (Sapphire, 1997 35)
  while he is fucking her.

20
Citing indicating source

• Example
• For Melinda, the first day of school is the
  decisive moment, when identities are formed,
  judgments are made and names are affixed, as we
  can see when she encounters one of her
  teachers My English teacher has no face. She
  has uncombed stringy hair that droops on her
  shoulders. The hair is black from her part to
  her ears and then neon orange to the frizzy
  ends. I cant decide if she has pissed off her
  hairdresser or is morphing into a monarch
  butterfly. I call her Hairwoman (Anderson,
  2001 6).

21
Footnotes definition

• Footnotes can have two functions
• 1) state your references (French method not
  English)
• 2) give more information about one aspect of your
  argumentation without disrupting the flow of your
  text.

22
Footnotes 1) explain

• TextIn this respect, the virus scare has
  become an especially convenient vehicle for
  obtaining public and popular consent for new
  legislative measures and new powers of
  investigation for the FBI².

23
Footnotes 1) explain

• Footnote 2This is not to say that the new laws
  cannot themselves be used to protect hacker
  institutions, however. 2600 has advised operators
  of bulletin boards to declare them private
  property, thereby guaranteeing protection under
  the Electronic Privacy Act against unauthorized
  entry by the FBI.

24
Footnotes 2) more sources

• TextOperation Sundevil, a nationwide Secret
  Service operation in the spring of 1990,
  involving hundreds of agents in fourteen cities,
  is the most recently publicized of the hacker
  raids that have produced several arrests and
  seizures of thousands of disks and address lists
  in the last two years³.

25
Footnotes 2) more sources

• Footnote 3For details of these raids, see
  2600 The Hacker's Quarterly, 7.1 (Spring 1990)
  7.

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Footnotes summary

• Used to give more information.
• Information not necessary to your text but useful
  to the reader who would want to know more about
  the subject.