Smart%20Growth

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Smart Growth

• UDP 450
• Prof. Bae
• Oct 16, 2007

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Ten Principles Of Smart Growth

1. Mix land uses
2. Take advantage of compact building design
3. Create a range of housing opportunities and
   choices
4. Create walkable neighborhoods
5. Foster distinctive, attractive communities with a
   strongsense of place
6. Preserve open space, farmland, natural beauty,
   and critical environmental areas
7. Strengthen and direct development towards
   existing communities
8. Provide a variety of transportation choices
9. Make development decisions predictable, fair, and
   cost effective
10. Encourage community and stakeholder collaboration
    in development decisions

http//www.smartgrowth.org/about/principles/defaul
t.asp (Sustainable Communities Network)
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Maryland Smart Growth

• Harriet Tregoning, EPA
• Gov. Parris Glendenning
• Prof. Gerrit-Jan Knaap, The National Center for
  Smart Growth Education and Research
• http//www.smartgrowth.umd.edu/
• Provide incentives to guide growth in focused
  (designated) geographic areas, and to protect
  rural areas

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1992 Planning Act

• The Economic Growth, Resource Protection, and
  Planning Act of 1992
• All municipalities prepare comprehensive plans
  including land use, community facilities, etc.
• They should include goals, objectives, standards
  to protect sensitive areas
• Streams and their buffers
• 100-year floodplains
• Habitats of threatened and endangered species
  and
• Steep slopes

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7 visions

• 1. Development to be concentrated in suitable
  areas (PFAs Priority Funding Areas)
• 2. Sensitive Areas to be protected
• 3. In rural areas, growth would be directed to
  existing population centers and protected
  resource areas (RL Rural Legacy)
• 4. Stewardship of the Chesapeake Bay and the land
  is a universal ethic
• 5. Conservation of resources, including a
  reduction in resource consumption, is practiced
• 6. To assure the achievement of the above,
  economic growth would be encouraged and
  regulatory mechanisms streamlined
• 7. Funding mechanisms directed to achieve this
  vision (especially the PFAs)

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POLICY INSTRUMENTS

• 1. Priority Funding Areas
• 2. Rural Legacy
• 3. Brownfield Cleanup
• 4. Live Near Your Work
• 5. Job Creation Tax Credits

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1. Priority Funding Areas

• Provides infrastructure subsidies to areas within
  city boundaries or using other criteria
• every municipality, as they existed in 1997
• Inside the Washington Beltway and the Baltimore
  Beltway
• designated areas
• enterprise zones
• neighborhood revitalization areas
• heritage areas
• existing industrial land
• http//www.mdp.state.md.us/pfamap.htm

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http//www.mdp.state.md.us/localplan/baci/Baci.pdf
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Portland UGB
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PFAs UGBs Are they different?

• Designation ( revision) of PFAs is a
  politically lengthy process, with no clear-cut
  approach
• PFAs are more likely to leak
• No way to prevent urban development outside PFAs
• Also, no state subsidies provided
• Local govts. ( private) funds might subsidize
  the costs of urban services outside PFAs

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PFAs UGBs

• Sprawl continues in PFAs
• Development patterns within PFAs will continue to
  sprawl
• Cf. Oregon UGBs need to have 20-year land supply
  (every 5-yr revision) hence, they never have
  shortage of developable lands for urban uses
• Portland in 1990s 50 Pop growth, 30 land area
  growth
• UGBs influence on avg lot sizes and mixed uses
  were minimal (Song Knaap, 2002)

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PFAs UGBs

• Raising land housing prices
• UGB constrains urban land supply, therefore
  raises land and housing prices substantially
• Jeopardizes housing affordability
• Debate on housing affordability continues No
  clear answer
• 10/18, Thur, Tim Trihimovich, Futurewise

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PFAs UGBs

• Positive impact on the land use planning process
  quality
• Govts. can take the first step to monitor land
  development location, measure land use intensity,
  etc.
• This will lead to better land management in the
  future

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PFAs UGBs

• Conflict between local govts. State agencies
• Some local govts. want to grow more, so that they
  can obtain more state subsidies
• Cf. Bremerton, WA in early 1990s
• Regional center vs. urban centers
• Future population growth forecasts from WA OFM
  and Kitsap County

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2. Rural Legacy (RL)

• Preserving rural lands, natural and cultural
  resource areas (32,530 acres protected as of
  09/2002)
• Keeping urban uses via PFAs rural use via RL
• Discouraging urban development in outlying areas
• Recognizing rural land conservation for states
  health and economy

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Rural Legacy

• Greenfields and open space helps to maintain good
  water quality by reducing run-off problems to
  rivers and Chesapeake Bay
• Protect resource-based economies
• Agriculture
• Forestry
• Outdoor recreation tourism

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http//dnr.maryland.gov/education/growfromhere/LES
SON15/MDP/PFAMAP.HTML
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(No Transcript)
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3. Brownfields Cleanup

• Contaminated, underutilized and/or abandoned site
  
• According to CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental
  Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, 1980),
  owners of superfund sites are responsible for
  clean-up
• Uncertainty re. what constitutes clean? How
  long it will take to clean-up Who will pay the
  costs?
• Federal governments National Priorities List
• WA 46 sites (http//www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/
  npl/wa.htm)
• MD 21 sites

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4. Live Near Your Work (LNYW)

• City pays incentives to those who locate near
  their workplace in target areas to reduce
  commuting(3,000/HH in 2002)
• When a homebuyer purchase a house, s/he is buying
  a bundle of goods
• Physical attributes ( sq. ft., bedrooms,
  bathrooms, garden, etc.)
• Neighborhood attributes (school quality, safety,
  etc)
• Amenities (view of mountain, ocean, etc.)
• Accessibility (proximity to work, supermarkets,
  trails, etc.)

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LNYW (cont.)

• Therefore, it is questionable how well LNYW will
  work
• Trade-off exist between housing location choice
  and commuting distance
• Residential locators do not minimize commute. May
  be helpful at the margin
• It may subsidize high income suburban
  residents/workers
• Only 267 homeowners, 47 employers were
  participating in LNYW by 2000
• currently 85 employers in Baltimore city
  (www.livebaltimore.com/hb/inc/lnyw/emp)

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5. Job Creation Tax Credit (JCTC)

• Income tax credit to business owners (gt25 jobs
  created in PFAs)
• Credit 2.55 of annual wages (Max 1,0001,500)
  
• Full time, permanent, gt 150 of minimum wage
• 123 applications, 28,000 jobs by 1999
• Economic base, high tech industry, e.g. biotech,
  research development testing, computer
  programing, etc.

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JCTC (cont.)

• Conflicting report on the effects of economic
  incentives to create more jobs
• Papke (1994), unemployment claims declined by 19
  after the designation of enterprise zone in
  Indiana
• Boarnet and Bogart (1995), no similar impact in
  NJ
• Surveys find positive responses toward job
  creation and tax credit programs

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JCTC (cont.)

• Job creation programs have an impact on the
  spatial distribution of employment within
  metropolitan areas