M. Shaevitz - Fermilab/Columbia Univ

1

Physics Opportunities and Future Facilities
Neutrino Matter Oscillations Interacting
Matter Nucleon Structure Quark-Gluon Matter The
Source of Matter Search for the Higgs and SUSY

• M. Shaevitz - Fermilab/Columbia Univ

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Making Neutrinos Matter

• Standard Model assumes that neutrinos are
  massless
• No symmetry property or theoretical reason for mn
  0
• Neutrinos are partners of the massive charged
  leptons
• Could imply right-handed ns, Majorana n n, or
  sterile ns

t m ent nm ne

• Cosmological Consequences
• Neutrinos fill the universe from the Big Bang
  (109 n / m3)? Even a
  small mass (1 eV) will have effects
• Models have hot (n) and cold Dark Matter
• Massive neutrino affect structure formation such
  as galaxies and clusters

3
Neutrino Oscillations

• To probe small neutrino masses (ltlt 1 eV), need
  Neutrino Oscillation experiments
• For a neutrino to oscillate from one flavor to
  another ( na ? nb )
• At least one massive neutrino eigenstate which
  differs from others Dm2 m12 - m22 ? 0
• Neutrinos in nature must be mixtures of these
  mass types? Lepton number violation or mixing
  parameterized by q
• There are 3-generations ne , nm, and nt (and
  maybe more...the sterile neutrino nss )

Prob(na ? nb) sin22q sin2(1.27 Dm2 L(m)/E(MeV))

• CP violating process can also occur if d?0 ?

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Three Indications of Oscillations
Sun
Earth

• Solar ns

108 kilometers
Cosmic RayShower
30 km

• Atmospheric ns

• Los Alamos Scintillator Neutrino Detector
  (LSND)

neutrinos
Pions
ProtonBeam
30 m
Detector
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Checks of These Indications Over the Next 3-10
years

• Questions that will be answered
• Are all three indications really neutrino
  oscillations?
• Which flavors are oscillating?
• Are there oscillations to sterile ns?
• What are the oscillation parameters ??Dm2,
  sin22q
• 10 measurements
• Restrict to one solar solution

MiniBooNE,ORLaND
NuMI/Minos, K2K and CNGS
Super-K,SNO,Borexino, Kamland
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Sterile Neutrinos

• New measurements will address if oscillations are
  to sterile neutrinos
• Super-K p0 production , NuMI/Minos NC/CC ratio
  , CNGS Direct nm? nt , SNO Solar NC rate
• Important to check LSND results
• If all three hints are confirmed, then need at
  least 4 n species
• LSND Dm2 large ? Opportunity to probe nm,e? nt
  and CP

ORLaND (Oak Ridge Large Neutrino Detector)at the
Spallation Neutron Source
MiniBooNE Exp. at Fermilab
1540 tons Liq. Scint.(18 times LSND)6730 PMTs
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Possible Future StepMuon Storage Ring
n-Factory

• Provides a super intense neutrino beam with a
  wide range of energies.
• Precision n oscillation studies
• Fixed target n experiments
• First high intensity electron neutrino beam.
• ne?nm or t
• Highly collimated beam
• Very long baseline experimentspossible
• Fermilab to California
• Fermilab to Cern/Japan
• Initial step towards a Multi-TeV mm-
  Collider

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Recent Machine and Physics Study

• Advantages of a n-Factory
• Unique facility High intensity n, m, p
• Staged program in energy and intensity
• Entry level machine 20 GeV_at_1019/yr
• Tune the machine and detector parameters
• Physics ? Energy ? Intensity ? Mass detector
• Key measurements of a n-factory
• Measure Dm232 , q23 , q13 to 1
• Determine mass hierarchy ? measure the sign of
  Dm232
• Measure d ( CP violation parameter )
• Unique access to ne?nm or t

• Goal for the machine study
• 2?1020 m decay/yr at 50 GeV
• Fermilab to SLAC/LBNL (2900km)
• Conclusion
• The result of this study clearly indicates that
  a neutrino source based on the concepts, which
  are presented here, is technically feasible.

http//www.fnal.gov/projects/muon_collider/nu-fact
ory
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Neutrino Mixing Matrix

• In simple 3-n scenario with one dominant Dm2
• Assume Atmosph nm? nt and Solar ne? nm
  (Ignoring LSND)

Solar q12
Atmospheric q23
n Factory q13 ( ne? nt)
n Factory q13 ( ne? nm)
n Factory Sign of Dm232
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n-Factory ne?nm Sensitivity

• Can reach sin22q13 ? 0.001 for 2?1020 m-decay

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Matter (and CP) Effects for ne?nm

• For long baseline experiments, matter effects
  change the oscillation formula
• ne e ? ne e NC and CC
• nm e ? nm e NC only

• Oscillation probability is modified depending on
  sign of Dm2 m32-m22
• Measure sign of Dm322 to determine if m32 gt m22

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Neutrino Factory Parameters vs Physics Reach
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Other Physics Opportunities at a n-Factory

• Near detector (50 - 100m from storage ring)
• Large event samples (20 million events in 1m D2
  target)
• n flux well understood
• Large ne component
• Weak mixing angle measurements ?10 better
• Neutral/charged current ratio and ne scattering
• Exotic searches
• Neutral heavy leptons, n magnetic moments,
  anomalous t production
• Charm-factory D0 - D0 mixing

... And a new Era for QCD measurements with
neutrinos ? Interacting Matter
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Interacting Matter QCD at a n-Factory

• n-Factory Structure Functions
• Precision parton distributions
• Precision tests of QCD (needs more precise
  theory!)
• Finally! High statistics on light targets ?
  A-dependence studies which rival
  /complement charged lepton data!

Q2 (GeV2)
x

• Neutrinos are flavor-selecting allowing
  measurement of individual parton distributions.
• 100? present luminosities
• Kinematic range overlaps CCFR, JINR is in the
  high x region

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QCD and the Structure of the Nucleon

• Unprecedented luminosity for the HERA experiments
• An energy upgrade to 12 GeV for TJNAF
• Along with a n-factoryHigh precision across the
  entire region!

Q2 (GeV2)
n-Factory
x
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Hera at High Luminosity

• Precision parton distribitions at very high Q2
• determination of the gluon density
• Precision neutral current cross sections
• using g-Z interference to test the Standard Model
• F2cc and F2bb
• The heavy quark sea
• ep charged current DIS
• The strange sea

Example of Gluon Distributions
Q2 2000 GeV2
Q2 2 GeV2
A complete survey of thepartons in the protonat
low x
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And at high x... the TJNAF 12-GeV Upgrade

• Quark-hadron duality (transition from the QE to
  DIS regime)
• Hadrons in the nuclear medium (color
  transparency, xgt1, ...)
• Threshold charm production
• Valence quark structure
• Spin structure, e.g.

A1n
0.0
Deep Inelastic Scattering from polarized
3He (Isgur Model is shown) 12 GeV ? lower x
1.0
At 6 GeV (Proposal 99-117)
0.0
x
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Understanding the Spin of the Nucleon

• So far, data are consistent with the Bjorken Sum
  Rule, ?(g1p-g1n)dx

• RHIC Spin Spin studies with hadrons
  provide new opportunities

SLAC Experiments 0.187 ? 0.033 Theory 0.182
?0.005

• Drell-Yan ? The spin of the quarks and antiquarks
• Gluon-fusion ? The spin of the gluon
• DIS data suggest RHIC may see a large gluon
  polarization!
• D G 1.8 ? 0.6 ? 1.3

• But decomposing the spin
• Quark contribution DS ? 0.3
• Strange contribution Ds ? -0.1
• Fixes for Spin Crisis
• Gluon is polarized DG gt 0
• Anti-quark is polarized

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Melting Matter QCD at High Densities

• Explore non-perturbative vacuum by melting it
  ? A Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP)
• Temperature scaleT ? / (1 fm) 200 MeV
• Experimental method
• Energetic collisions of heavy nuclei
• Model Uncertainties
• Non-perturbative regime
• ? Need many independent signatures of
  phase transition

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QCD Phase Transition

• Relativistic heavy ion colliders should reach
  densities and temperatures to produce Quark-Gluon
  Plasma

• Experimental signatures
• Deconfinement
• Chiral Symmetry Restoration
• Thermal Radiation of Hot Gas
• Strangeness and Charm Production
• Jet Quenching

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Relativistic Heavy Ion Experiments

• RHIC
• PbPb at 200 GeV / nucleon

• LHC
• PbPb at 5.5 TeV / nucleon ( 25 times RHIC
  energy)

• CMS

STAR
plus PHOBOS and Brahms
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What Makes the Matter?

• Unification of Weak and Electromagnetic
  Interaction
• Mediated by vector bosons associated with
  SU(2)?U(1) group
• Spontaneously broken ElectroWeak Symmetry
  Breaking (EWSB)
• Universal coupling constants (g and g) or (e and
  sin2qW)
• Heavy W and Z
• Precise predictions of electroweak processes
• In the minimal model, single Higgs boson causes
  EWSB
• Theoretically, the MHiggs lt TeV
• More complicated models (supersymmetry,
  technicolor, extra dimensions ..)
• Extra Higgs and/or other heavy particles
• ? Higgs coupling to particles is proportional to
  mass and thus sets the mass parameters

Massless particles eat Higgs particles and
become heavy
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Supersymmetry

• Every particle has a super-partner with opposite
  statistics
• Usual fermions have scalar partners
• Gauge bosons have spin 1/2 (gaugino) partners
• Couplings (weak, EM, strong) seem to unify at a
  common scale if supersymmetric equations are
  used.
• Supersymmetry (SUSY) require a Higgs boson below
  180 GeV
• i.e. in minimal supersymmetric extension of the
  standard model (MSSM) with reasonable parameters,
  mHiggs 130 GeV
• If SUSY is the source of EWSB, mass scale for
  SUSY particles is few hundred GeV

(Type of EWSB)

• Goal Measure superparticle mass
  spectrum
• Fermilab Tevatron
• LHC
• Future ee- linear collider
  mm- collider

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The Main Question

• What is the source of EWSB?
• Standard Model Higgs boson or
• Supersymmetric theory.... MSSM, SUGRA or
• Strongly interacting theory.... technicolor,
  extra dimensions or
• Something else?
• ? To answer the above question
• 1) Discover the Higgs bosons - may be more than
  one
• 2) Experimental verification of the Higgs
  mechanism
• 3) Measure mass spectrum of new particles at few
  100 GeV scale

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Facilities for Probing TeV Physics

• Approved Program
• Fermilab Tevatron (with Main Injector upgrade)
• pp collider, Ecm 2 TeV , ?Ldt 15-30 fb-1
• Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
• pp collider, Ecm 14 TeV , ?Ldt 500 fb-1
• Future Possibilities
• ee- Linear Collider
• NLC (SLAC, Fermilab, KEK)
• Tesla (DESY)
• CLIC (CERN)
• mm- Collider
• Ecm few TeV
• Very Large Hadron Collider (VLHC)
• Ecm 50 to 400 TeV

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Current Precision Electroweak Measurements
Using mZ 91.1871 ? 0.0021

• All measurements should agree or new physics
• Radiative corrections from Higgs loops gives
  sensitivity to mHiggs
• dmW ? ln(mHiggs)
• Measurements
• ee-? Z0 (LEP, SLD)
• mW (CDF, D0, LEPII)
• mtop (CDF, D0)
• sin2qW nN (CCFR, NuTeV)

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MHiggs Appears to be Light

• Fit all electroweak datamHiggs lt 245 GeV (95
  CL)
• Direct search limits from LEPIImHiggs gt 95.2
  GeV (95 CL)
• Supersymmetric models require mHiggs lt 180
  GeV
• ? Good prospects that Higgs boson will be
  discovered at Tevatron or LHC

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But Low Energy Experiments Can Also Probe High
Mass

• New Michel Parameters experiment at TRIUMF
• For m? e nm ne, measure energy and angle
  distribution to 1 part in 104
• Measure the Michel parameters r, d, ?, and ?
  with a precision 3 to 10 times better than
  previous.

Probe masses forright-handed WR to 1 TeV
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Rare Kaon Decay ExperimentsProbe for New
Physics

• CP is one of the least tested aspects of the
  Standard Model.
• Almost any extension of the SM has new sources of
  CPV.
• With high intensity kaon beams can measure
  branching ratios down to 10-12
• Fermilab Main Injector 120 GeV program
• BNL high intensity kaon beam program

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Fermilab Tevatron Run II Expectations

• Experiments
• With 15 fb-1
• 3s discovery for mHiggs lt 180 GeV
• New gauge bosons 1 - 6 TeV
• SUSY particles 150 - 400 GeV

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LHC Higgs Discovery Expectations

• LEP II will probe up to 110 GeV.
• Tevatron Run IIb will go up to 180 GeV
• LHC will cover the range up to 1 TeV
• Mainly with ZZ ? 4l.

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Higgs for Supersymmetric Theory

• LHC can cover almost the entire region associated
  with the Minimal Standard Supersymmetric Model
  (MSSM)
• But need to discriminate SM Higgs from MSSM Higgs

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ee- Linear Collider

• ee- Linears Colliders could offer a
  complementary probe to study EWSB physics ??
  Interaction of fundamental point particles

• Tesla
• ECM 0.5 - 0.8 TeV
• Superconducting RF acceleration _at_ 25 - 40
  MV/m
• 20 km ?? 500 - 800 GeV

• Next Linear Collider
• ECM 0.5 - 1.5 TeV
• Warm RF acceleration _at_ 50 MV/m
• 20 km ?? 1000 GeV

• CLIC
• ECM 3 TeV
• Two beam acceleration
• 40 km ?? 3000 GeV

34
Possible Higgs Studies at a ee- Linear Collider

• Determination of mHiggs , GHiggs , and Higgs spin
• Accurate determination of Higgs couplings as a
  fundamental test of the Higgs mechanism
• SM fermion Yukawa couplings to Higgs gHff mf
  / ? with ?2 ?2 GF
• Study Hbb, Hcc, Htt, HWW, and HZZ couplings
  through branching ratios
• Study Htt through BRgg and s(ee- ? t t H) ?
  g2Htt / 4p
• Reconstruction of the Higgs potential by
  determination of the Higgs self-couplings
• (ee- ? Z HH , ne ne HH)

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Precision Measurements of MHiggs

• ee- linear collider Monte Carlo data with MHiggs
  120 GeV
• ee- ? ZH ? ee- X
• Fit recoil mass spectrum to measure MHiggs
• MHiggs 120.48 ? 0.14

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Standard Model vs MSSM Higgs

• Given a set of MSSM parameters ? Branching
  ratios of Higgs can discriminate from
  the SM
• MSSM Parameters
• mA mass of CP odd scalar
• tan b lt?2gt/ lt?1gt

tan b
500
mA (GeV)
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Extra Dimensions

• Inspired by multi-dimensional string theory
  unification with gravity.
• For r ltlt R and n extra dimensions
  FGravity M-(2n) m1m2 / r2n
• Matching constraint for r R (4pGN)-1
  RnM2n
• Take quantum gravity scale M to be TeV ? R mm
  (n2) to fermi (n7)
• Graviton (G) effects may be experimentally
  observable
• Missing energy processes ee- ? g G or q q ?
  g G
• Deviations due to G exchangeee- ? f f

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Constraints on Extra Dimensions

• Missing-energy constraints on extra dimension
  models

95 confidence limits on R(cm) and M(GeV)
Source
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The Energy FrontierVery Large Hadron Collider
(VLHC)

• Motivation
• If LHC sees EWSB, VLHC can explore it in depth
  or
• If physics is beyond LHC, VLHC is needed to see
  it.
• Probe 100 TeV scale ? 10 mfm

• pp collider in a 200 km ring
• Start with low field magnets
• 2 Tesla ? ECM 40 TeV
• Upgrade to high field magnets
• 12 Tesla ? ECM 240 TeV

200 Km
Fermilab
Also ee- or AA ? OMNITRON
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The Energy Frontiermm- Collider

• Advantages
• Multi-TeV collisions of fundamental point
  particles
• Follow-on to muon storage ring
• Negligible synchrotron radiation ? Circular
  rings much smaller than linear/hadron
  colliders

• Coupling to Higgs particles is 40,000 times
  larger than ee-
• No beamstrahlung
• Energy spread 0.003
• g-2 energy calibration _at_ 10-6
• ? dMHiggs 50 MeV? dMW 6 MeV

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Neutrino Oscillation Formalism

• Most analyses assume 2-generation mixing

• But we have 3-generations ne , nm, and nt (and
  maybe even more .. the sterile neutrino nss )

• (In this 3-generation model, there are 3 Dm2s
  but only two are independent.)
• At each Dm2, there can be oscillations between
  all the neutrino flavors with different mixing
  angle combinations.
• For example(3 sets of 3 equations like these
  for Dm223gtgt Dm212 )

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ne?nt Measurements at a n-Factory

• Great consistency check since sensitive to Dm322
  and sin22q13

• In scenarios where MiniBooNE confirms LSND?
  ne?nt very sensitive to CP violating phase d

44
Advantages of m-Storage Ring vs Conventional n
Beam

• Neutrino CC rates higher
• Minos 3000 nm CC/ kt - yr
• n-Factory 24000 nm CC/ kt - yr
  (2?1020 m decay/yr at 20 GeV
• Beam angular divergence better for n-Factory
  especially for Em? 30 GeV
• Long baseline experiments possible
• Beams differ in composition- Conventional Beam ?
  nm only- n-Factory ? Both nm
  and ne
  explore ne?nm or t
• For nm ? ne n-Factory better - Conventional
  beam limited to sin22q13 ? 0.01
• Beam nes at 1 level and difficulties in
  electron detection
• - n-Factory can reach sin22q13 ? 0.001
• Can do ne?nm with very small backgrounds

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Higgs
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Where will we be in 5-10 years?

• LSND Dm2
• Definitive determination if osc.
• Measure Dm2/sin22q to 5-10
• If positive ? New round of experiments nm and
  e? nt
• Atmospheric Dm2
• Know if nm? nt or ns
• Measure Dm232/sin22q23 to 10 if Dm232gt 2?10-3eV2
• Can see nm?ne if sin22q13 gt 0.01
• Solar Dm2
• Restrictions to one solar solution( Dm122 /
  sin22q12 )
• Know if ne? nm,t or ns

47
Recent Accelerator Study

• Goal for the study
• 2?1020 m decay/yr at 50 GeV
• Fermilab to SLAC/LBNL (2900km)
• Conclusion
• The result of this study clearly indicates that
  a neutrino source based on the concepts, which
  are presented here, is technically feasible.
• Advantages of a n-Factory
• Unique facility High intensity n, m, p
• Staged program in energy and intensity
• Entry level machine 20 GeV_at_1019/yr
• Tune the machine and detector parameters
• Physics ? Energy ? Intensity ? Mass detector

http//www.fnal.gov/projects/muon_collider/nu-fact
ory
48
n-Factory Physics Motivation
A neutrino factory is a unique facility for
neutrino oscillations... that will provide the
mechanism for discoveries in the latter part of
the decade.

• High flux, well collimated beam of neutrinos
• Extra long baseline experiments can be done
• Matter effects start to play a role
• nt appearance measurements much more feasible
• Key questions that neutrino factory can address
• Sort out the mixing matrix - Unique access to
  ne?nm or t
• Fill in the sub-dominant components
• Determine mass hierarchy ? Matter effects
• Are there sterile neutrinos if so, how many?
• Precision measurements of Dm2 and sin22q values
• CP violation may be measurable

49
ne?nm Oscillation Measurements at a n-Factory

• For the atmospheric Dm2 region, need to use ne?nm
  to determine sin22q13

• By using ne?nm , signal becomes a search for
  wrong-sign muons which allows good sensitivity to
  low sin22q13 and low background

• Can reach sin22q13 ? 0.001 for 2?1020 m-decay

50
ee- Linear Collider

• ee- Linears Colliders could offer a
  complementary probe to study EWSB physics ??
  Interaction of fundamental point particles

• Next Linear Collider
• ECM 0.5 - 1.5 TeV
• Warm RF acceleration _at_ 50 MV/m
• 20 km ?? 1000 GeV

• Tesla
• ECM 0.5 - 0.8 TeV
• Superconducting RF acceleration _at_ 25 - 40
  MV/m
• 20 km ?? 500 - 800 GeV

• Also CLIC
• ECM 3 TeV
• Two beam acceleration
• 40 km ?? 3000 GeV

51
Precision Measurements of MHiggs and GHiggs

• ee- linear collider Monte Carlo data with MHiggs
  120 GeV
• ee- ? ZH ? ee- X
• Fit recoil mass spectrum to measure MHiggs
• MHiggs 120.48 ? 0.14

• Measure Higgs Gtot from partial widths combined
  with branching ratios.

52
Fundamental Test Higgs Branching Fractions

• Estimated accuracy on Higgs branching fractions
  for an ee- linear collider
• mHiggs 120 GeV
• 500 fb-1