SUMMER RESEARCH 2002

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SUMMER RESEARCH 2002

• Polytechnic University
• Mechanical Engineering

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ORIENTATION
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Introduction

• Professor Vikram Kapila
• Associate Professor
• Room RH 508Phone [phone]E-mail
  vkapila_at_poly.edu

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• Name Nathan (Sang-Hoon) Lee
• Room RH 514A
• Phone [phone]
• E-mail sparknate_at_yahoo.com

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Teaching assistants

• Name Isaac Osei
• Room RH 514A
• Phone [phone]
• E-mail osei-isaac_at_yahoo.com

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Laboratory rule

• Dont play
• no e-mail checking, chatting, browsing web,
  listening music, singing, running, etc.
• Dont touch any other experiments
• No food and no drink
• Keep this room clean and well organized
• after experiments, put them in original place
  with the same original condition
• Respect each other
• Maturity
• Practice safety

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Schedule

• Start Date July 1, 2002(Monday)
• End Date August 16, 2002(Friday)
• Period 7 weeks
• Day Monday - Friday
• Time 10am - 4pm
• Lunch time 1240pm 140pm

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Writing lab report

• Prepare a lab book
• Write what you learned, what you did, what you
  needed
• Do this everyday

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Making presentation

• Show what you learned, what you did for a week on
  every Friday
• Use Microsoft power point

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How to make a Presentation
Isaac Osei
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Five Steps

• Planning
• Introduction
• The Body
• The Conclusion
• Questions
• Presentation Tips

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STEP 1 - Planning

• Topic/Main Idea
• Research
• Structure
• Audience
• Time
• Outline

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STEP 2 - The INTRODUCTION

• Connection
• Attention
• Preview
• Structure

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STEP 3 - The Body

• Information
• Speak Clearly
• Follow the Outline

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STEP 4 - The Conclusion

• Reinforce
• Summarize
• Conclude

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STEP 5 - Questions

• Important
• Prepare ahead of Time
• Thank your audience

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Tips for Maintaining your Audiences Attention

• Make your presentation Interactive
• Share Stories
• Repetition
• Humor
• Never Read
• Move Around
• Eye Contact

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Ice break

• Name
• School
• Specialty
• Hobby
• Goal for this summer program
• Others

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Making groups

• make 4 groups in total

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Lecture 1
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What is current?

• A flow of charged particles
• Carried by small negatively-charged particles,
  called electrons
• Represented by the symbol I, and is measured in
  amperes, or 'amps', A.
• Most often measured in milliamps, mA
• Like water flow

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Water analogy
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What is voltage?

• Potential difference, or voltage
• Represented by the symbol V , and is measured in
  volts, V
• Like potential energy at water fall

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Water analogy
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Series connection of cells

• Each cell provides 1.5 V. Two cells connected one
  after another, in series, provide 3 V, while
  three cells would provide 4.5 V

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Parallel connection of cells

• If the cells are connected in parallel, the
  voltage stays at 1.5 V, but the life of the
  battery is doubled

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DC and AC

• A cell provides a steady voltage, so that current
  flow is always in the same direction. This is
  called direct current, or d.c
• The domestic mains provides a constantly changing
  voltage which reverses in polarity 60 times every
  second. This gives rise to alternating current,
  or a.c

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Power Supply
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Resistor

• A dissipative element that converts electrical
  energy into heat
• Resistors limit current
• Unit is ohms, W

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resistors of different sizes
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How to read resistor value

1. By color code
2. By digital multi meter(DMM)

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How to read resistor value 1. By color code

• Resistor value

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Resistance Color code
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example

• The first band is yellow, so the first digit is 4
• Second digit is a violet band, making the second
  digit 7
• A red band is 2
• Resistor value is

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Metric Units and conversions

• Abbreviation Means Multiply unit
  by Or
• p pico .000000000001 10 -12
• n nano .000000001 10 -9
• µ micro .000001 10 -6
• m milli .001 10
  -3
• . Unit 1
  10 0
• k kilo 1,000 10
  3
• M mega 1,000,000 10 6
• G giga 1,000,000,000 10 9

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example
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Digital multimeter

• Voltmeter
• Parallel connection
• Ammeter
• Series connection
• Ohmmeter
• Without any power supplied
• Adjust range(start from highest limit if you
  dont know)

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Resistors in series

• RtotalR1R2
• Rtotal112kohm

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Resistors in parallel
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Exercise
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Potentiometer

• Has a adjustable resistance
• Circular potentiometer
• Linear potentiometer
• Use as a position sensor

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Potentiometer
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Potentiometer
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Linear potentiometer
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Linear potentiometer
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Linear potentiometer
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Lecture 2
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Capacitors

• store electric charge
• consists of two plates of a conducting material
  separated by a space filled by an insulator
• measured in units called farads, F

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How to read capacitor value

• The first two figures give us 10, the third
  figure gives us 0000, and the letter 10. We
  normally express this as 0.1µF

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LED
Light-emitting diodes Semiconductor Has polarity
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LEDs
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How to connect LED

• Requires 1.52.5V
• and 10 miliA
• To prevent overloading, use resistor(330 ohm)

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breadboard

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breadboard

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Digital multimeter

• A meter is a measuring instrument
• An ammeter measures current
• a voltmeter measures the potential difference
  (voltage) between two points
• an ohmmeter measures resistance
• A multimeter combines these functions, and
  possibly some additional ones as well, into a
  single instrument

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Digital multimeter

• Voltmeter
• Parallel connection
• Ammeter
• Series connection
• Ohmmeter
• Without any power supplied
• Adjust range(start from highest limit if you
  dont know)

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switched range multimeter
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Auto ranging multimeter
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Ammeter connection

• Break the circuit so that the ammeter can be
  connected in series
• All the current flowing in the circuit must pass
  through the ammeter
• An ammeter must have a very LOW resistance.

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Voltmeter connection

• The voltmeter is connected in parallel between
  the two points
• a voltmeter should have a very HIGH resistance

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Ohmmeter connection

• An ohmmeter does not function with a circuit
  connected to a power supply
• must take it out of the circuit altogether and
  test it separately

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Lecture 3
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DC signals

• A cell provides a steady voltage, so that current
  flow is always in the same direction. This is
  called direct current, or d.c

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AC signals

• the voltage levels change with time and alternate
  between positive values (above the X-axis) and
  negative values

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Sine waves

• A sine wave has the same shape as the graph of
  the sine function

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Properties of Sine waves

• Period T The period is the time taken for one
  complete cycle of a repeating waveform
• Frequency f This is the number of cycles
  completed per second. The measurement unit for
  frequency is the hertz, Hz

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Properties of Sine waves

• Amplitude
• peak amplitude, Vp
• peak-to-peak amplitude, Vpp
• rms amplitude

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What is rms amplitude and why is it important?

• The rms amplitude is the DC voltage which will
  deliver the same average power as the AC signal

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Properties of Sine waves
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Audio signal and noise

• sound frequencies which can be detected by the
  human ear vary from a lower limit of around 20 Hz
  to an upper limit of about 20 kHz
• A noise signal consists of a mixture of
  frequencies with random amplitudes

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waveforms of different frequency and amplitude
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Function generator
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Connection using a BNC lead
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Oscilloscope
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Oscilloscope
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Screen of a oscilloscope
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VOLTS/DIV and TIME/DIV of a oscilloscope
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Basic electronic projects
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Micro controller
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Summer 2002 projects
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Summer 2002 projects

• Biotronics
• Weather station
• Mobile robot
• Automobile
• Security system