The Valve Detective

1
The Valve Detective
Interest Grabber
Section 37-1

• Veins are vessels that carry blood to the heart.
  Along their length, they have one-way valves to
  prevent the backflow of blood. With a little
  sleuthing, you can figure out the location of a
  valve or two in your veins.

2
Interest Grabber continued
Section 37-1

• 1. Choose the longest vein you can see on the
  inner side of your wrist. Starting as close to
  your wrist as possible, press your thumb on the
  vein and slide it along the vein up your arm.
  Did the length of the vein remain blue?
• 2. Repeat this process, but in the opposite
  direction, moving your thumb along the vein from
  the far end to the end closest to your wrist. Did
  the length of the vein remain blue?
• 3. In which direction is your blood flowing in
  this vein? How can you tell? Can you tell where a
  valve is located? Explain your answer.

3
Section Outline
Section 37-1

• 371 The Circulatory System.
• A. Functions of the Circulatory System-Larger
  organisms can not rely on diffusion alone. Humans
  and all vertebrates have closed circulatory
  systems. All blood Is contained within blood
  vessels.

4
Section Outline
Section 37-1

• B. The Heart-hollow, enclosed within the
  pericardium. Heart muscle is the myocardium. 72
  beats/minute. Heart divided by the septum. Pg.
  945 fig. 37-3.
• Circulation Through the Body. Pg. 944.
• Pulmonary-lungs.
• Systemic-head, arms, lower body, legs.
• Circulation Through the Heart.
• See fig. 37-3 pg. 945.
• Right atrium to the tricuspid valve to theright
  ventricle to the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary
  artery to the lungs to the pulmonary veins to the
  left atrium to the mitral valve to the left
  ventricle to the aortic valve, out to body thru
  aorta-back to right artium thru superior and
  inferior vena cava.

5
Figure 37-3 The Structures of the Heart
Section 37-1
Left Atrium
Right Atrium
Left Ventricle
Septum
Right Ventricle
6
Figure 37-2 The Circulatory System
Section 37-1
7
Section Outline
Section 37-1

• 3. Heartbeat-controlled by the pacemaker.
  Fig. 37-4 pg. 946.
• C. Blood Vessels.
• 1. Arteries-Myth-carry oxygen rich blood.
  Exception-pulmonary arteries. Better to say all
  arteries carry blood away from the heart.
• 2. Capillaries-smallest-all diffusion takes place
  here.
• 3. Veins-Myth-carry oxygen poor blood.
  Exception-pulmonary veins. Better to say all
  veins carry blood back to the heart. Veins have
  valves to help move blood back to the heart.

8
The Sinoatrial Node
Section 37-1
Contraction of Atria
Contraction of Ventricles
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Conducting fibers
Atrioventricular (AV) node
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Figure 37-5 The Three Types of Blood Vessels
Section 37-1
Vein
Artery
Capillary
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Section Outline
Section 37-1

• D. Blood Pressure.
• Systolic-higher number-ventricles contracting.
• Diasystolic-lower number-ventricles relaxed.
• E. Diseases of the Circulatory System.
• 1. High Blood Pressure-considered to be numbers
  over 130/90.
• 2. Consequences of Atherosclerosis-stroke, heart
  attack.
• 3. Circulatory System Health-exercise, diet low
  in animal (saturated) fats, maintain healthy
  weight.

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Video 1
Video 1
Human Circulation
12
Designer Blood
Interest Grabber
Section 37-2

• The federal government wants to find ways to make
  the blood supply safer for everyone who needs
  blood. However, no one has yet found a way to
  find and eliminate all disease-causing agents in
  the blood. Imagine that you are the head of a
  biotechnology company and think that you can
  design a safe alternative artificial blood.

13
Interest Grabber continued
Section 37-2

• 1. What characteristics would artificial blood
  need to take the place of real blood?
• 2. Do you think that artificial blood could
  completely replace real blood? Explain your
  answer.

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Section Outline
Section 37-2

• 372 Blood and the Lymphatic System.
• Blood Plasma.
• 4-6 liters of blood, 55 is plasma.
• 90 water.
• 10 dissolved gases, salts, nutrients, enzymes,
  hormones, waste products and plasma proteins.
• 3 Groups of Plasma proteins.
• Albumins-regulate blood volume.
• Globulins-fight infections.
• Fibrinogen-clots the blood.

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Figure 37-7 Blood
Section 37-2
Plasma
Platelets
White blood cells
Red blood cells
Whole Blood Sample
Sample Placed in Centrifuge
Blood Sample That Has Been Centrifuged
16
Figure 37-7 Blood
Section 37-2
Plasma
Platelets
White blood cells
Red blood cells
Whole Blood Sample
Sample Placed in Centrifuge
Blood Sample That Has Been Centrifuged
17
Figure 37-7 Blood
Section 37-2
Plasma
Platelets
White blood cells
Red blood cells
Whole Blood Sample
Sample Placed in Centrifuge
Blood Sample That Has Been Centrifuged
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Section Outline
Section 37-2

• B. Blood Cells.
• Red Blood Cells.
• Transport oxygen.
• Hemoglobin.
• Produced in bone marrow.
• Do not have nuclei or other organelles.
• Basically are sacks of hemoglobin.
• Circulate for approx. 120 days.
• Destroyed by the liver and the spleen.

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Section Outline
Section 37-2

• 2. White Blood Cells-leucocytes.
• Also produced in bone marrow.
• Have nuclei.
• May live many years.
• Fight infections, parasites, and bacteria.
• Many different types.
• Phagocytes-bacteria eaters.
• Histamine releasing leucocytes-increase blood
  flow to infected area. Can produce allergic
  reactions if confused.
• Lymphocytes-produce antibodies to fight pathogens.

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Section Outline
Section 37-2

• 3. Platelets and Blood Clotting.
• Study fig. 37-9.
• Platelets clump at the site of an injury and
  release thromboplastin.
• Thromboplastin converts prothrombin into
  thrombin.
• Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin which
  causes a clot.

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Figure 37-10 Blood Clotting
Section 37-2
Break in Capillary Wall Blood vessels injured.
Clumping of Platelets Platelets clump at the
site and release thromboplastin. Thromboplastin
converts prothrombin into thrombin..
Clot Forms Thrombin converts fibrinogen into
fibrin, which causes a clot. The clot prevents
further loss of blood..
22
Section Outline
Section 37-2

• C.The Lymphatic System-a network of vessels,
  nodes and organs which collects the fluid that is
  lost by the blood and returns it back to the
  circulatory system. Lymph fluid.
• Lymph nodes filters.
• Important in nutrient absorption. Help to absorb
  fats and vitamins.
• Lymph moves when your skeletal muscles move.
  Exercise helps to circulate the lymph fluid.
• Thymus and spleen are part of this system.
• Thymus matures the T cells. T cells recognize
  foreign invaders. T cells killed by HIV.
• Spleen cleans the blood.

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Types of White Blood Cells
Section 37-2
Cell Type Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Mo
nocytes Lymphocytes
Function Engulf and destroy small bacteria and
foreign substances Attack parasites limit
inflammation associated with allergic
reactions Release histamines that cause
inflammation release anticoagulants, which
prevent blood clots Give rise to leukocytes that
engulf and destroy large bacteria and
substances Some destroy foreign cells by causing
their membranes to rupture some develop into
cells that produce antibodies, which target
specific foreign substances
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Figure 37-11 The Lymphatic System
Section 37-2
Superior vena cava
Thymus
Heart
Thoracic duct
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Lymph vessels
25
Blood Transfusions
Section 37-2
Blood Type of Recipient
Blood Type of Donor
A B AB O
A B AB O
Unsuccessful transfusion
Successful transfusion
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Hold That Breath!
Interest Grabber
Section 37-3

• Do not perform this activity if you have any
  breathing problems. Working with a partner, count
  the number of breaths you take in 15 seconds.
  Multiply that number by 4 for the number of
  breaths per minute. Your partner will act as the
  timer/recorder. Repeat the procedure three times
  and take an average. Now, take a deep breath and
  hold it for as long as you can. Have your partner
  record your time. Repeat the procedure three
  times and take an average. Switch roles with your
  partner and repeat the procedure. Exchange data
  with other groups and answer the following
  questions.

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Interest Grabber continued
Section 37-3

• 1. What was the range of breathing rates?
• 2. Why are there differences in breathing rates
  among members of the class?
• 3. What was the average length of time classmates
  could hold their breath?
• 4. What factors might affect how long you could
  hold your breath?
• 5. A child having a tantrum declares she is going
  to hold her breath until I turn blue! Do you
  think this is possible? Explain your answer.

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Section Outline
Section 37-3

• 373 The Respiratory System
• A. What Is Respiration?
• B. The Human Respiratory System
• C. Gas Exchange
• D. Breathing
• E. How Breathing Is Controlled
• F. Tobacco and the Respiratory System
• 1. Substances in Tobacco
• 2. Diseases Caused by Smoking
• 3. Smoking and the Nonsmoker
• 4. Dealing With Tobacco

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Flowchart
Section 37-3
Movement of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide In and Out
of the Respiratory System
Nasal cavities
Oxygen-rich air from environment
Pharynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange at alveoli
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Carbon dioxide-rich air to the environment
Nasal cavities
Pharynx
Trachea
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Video 2
Video 2
Human Respiration
31
Figure 37-13 The Respiratory System
Section 37-3
32
Figure 37-14 Gas Exchange in the Lungs
Section 37-3
Alveoli
Bronchiole
Capillary
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Figure 37-15 The Mechanics of Breathing
Section 37-3
Air exhaled
Air inhaled
Rib cage lowers
Rib cage rises
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
Inhalation
Exhalation
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Figure 37-15 The Mechanics of Breathing
Section 37-3
Air exhaled
Air inhaled
Rib cage lowers
Rib cage rises
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
Inhalation
Exhalation
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Video Contents
Videos

• Click a hyperlink to choose a video.
• Human Circulation
• Human Respiration

36
Internet
Go Online

• Career links on respiratory care practitioners
• Interactive test
• For links on the cardiovascular system, go to
  www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as
  follows cbn-0371.
• For links on blood cells, go to www.SciLinks.org
  and enter the Web Code as follows cbn-0372.

37
Section 1 Answers
Interest Grabber Answers

• 1. Choose the longest vein you can see on the
  inner side of your wrist. Starting as close to
  your wrist as possible, press your thumb on the
  vein and slide it along the vein up your arm.
  Did the length of the vein remain blue?
• Yes
• 2. Repeat this process, but in the opposite
  direction, moving your thumb along the vein from
  the far end to the end closest to your wrist. Did
  the length of the vein remain blue?
• No
• 3. In which direction is your blood flowing in
  this vein? How can you tell? Can you tell where a
  valve is located? Explain your answer.
• Blood is flowing from the wrist up the arm to
  the heart. The vein was emptied of blood by the
  action of the thumb in step 2, and blood flow
  into the vein was stopped by the thumbs pressure
  on the wrist end. Backflow was prevented by the
  valve at the other end, so the vein no longer
  had blood between these two points.

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Section 2 Answers
Interest Grabber Answers

• 1. What characteristics would artificial blood
  need to take the place of real blood?
• Artificial blood would need to be a fluid that
  could carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, nutrients,
  enzymes, hormones, and waste products.
• 2. Do you think that artificial blood could
  completely replace real blood? Explain your
  answer.
• No. Real blood contains living cells that combat
  disease. Also, real blood can form clots,
  preventing blood loss at cuts.

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Section 3 Answers
Interest Grabber Answers

• 1. What was the range of breathing rates?
• Most people breathe about 16 to 24 times per
  minute.
• 2. Why are there differences in breathing rates
  among members of the class?
• The difference among classmates might be a
  result of physical conditioning and individual
  metabolism.
• 3. What was the average length of time classmates
  could hold their breath?
• Most people can hold their breath for just under
  a minute.
• 4. What factors might affect how long you could
  hold your breath?
• Physical conditioning and metabolism might
  affect the length of time.
• 5. A child having a tantrum declares she is going
  to hold her breath until I turn blue! Do you
  think this is possible? Explain your answer.
• It is not possible. The child will begin to
  breathe again when levels of carbon dioxide
  reach a critical level.

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